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nginx实战二

摘要：
Nginx架构分析1.Nginx模块化Nginx涉及的模块分为五类：核心模块、标准HTTP模块、可选HTTP模块、邮件服务模块、第三方模块。对于web服务器，当来自客户端A的请求连接到服务器时，服务器上的进程将处理该请求。当进程没有将结果返回给客户端A时，它将处理来自客户端B的请求。选择模型、轮询模型、epoll模型5。Nginx架构Nginx服务器使用主/工作多进程模式。
 nginx架构分析

nginx实战二第1张

1.nginx模块化

Nginx涉及到的模块分为核心模块、标准HTTP模块、可选HTTP模块、邮件服务模块以及第三方模块等五大类。

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/4z/module.md

[root@centos-03 objs]# ls ngx_modules.c
ngx_modules.c
[root@centos-03 objs]#

2.模块目录

[root@centos-03 objs]# cd src
[root@centos-03 src]# ls
core  event  http  mail  misc  os  stream
[root@centos-03 src]#

3.nginx WEB请求机制

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/4z/IO.md

线程是进程的一个子单元，线程比进程好的地方是可以节省更多的资源，假如我开一个进程耗费的资源是20兆，那我开10个线程也是占用20兆，这样我同样的内存可以开更多的线程出来，每个线程也是处理一个请求，线程也有弊端，需要和其他的线程共享内存，稳定性不是很好　

同步：同步、异步发生在当客户端发起请求后，服务端处理客户端的请求时。 同步机制，是指客户端发送请求后，需要等待服务端（内核）返回信息后，再继续发送下一个请求。 在同步机制中，所有的请求在服务器端得到同步，即发送方和接收方对请求的处理步调是一致的。

异步：异步机制，是指客户端发出一个请求后，不等待服务端（内核）返回信息，就继续发送下一个请求。 在异步机制中，所有来自发送方的请求形成一个队列，接收方处理完后再通知发送方。

阻塞：阻塞与非阻塞发生在IO调度中，比如内核到磁盘IO。 阻塞方式下，进程/线程在获取最终结果之前，被系统挂起了，也就是所谓的阻塞了，在阻塞过程中该进程什么都干不了， 直到最终结果反馈给它时，它才恢复运行状态。

非阻塞：非阻塞方式和阻塞相反，进程/线程在获取最终结果之前，并没有进入被挂起的状态，而是该进程可以继续执行新的任务。 当有最终结果反馈给该进程时，它再把结果交给客户端。

4.nginx事件驱动模型

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/4z/event.md

事件驱动模型是实现异步非阻塞的一个手段。事件驱动模型中，一个进程（线程）就可以了。 对于web服务器来说，客户端A的请求连接到服务端时，服务端的某个进程（Nginx worker process）会处理该请求， 此进程在没有返回给客户端A结果时，它又去处理了客户端B的请求。 服务端把客户端A以及客户端B发来的请求作为事件交给了“事件收集器”， 而“事件收集器”再把收集到的事件交由“事件发送器”发送给“事件处理器”进行处理。 最后“事件处理器”处理完该事件后，通知服务端进程，服务端进程再把结果返回给客户端A、客户端B。 在这个过程中，服务端进程做的事情属于用户级别的，而事件处理这部分工作属于内核级别的。 也就是说这个事件驱动模型是需要操作系统内核来作为支撑的。

select模型、poll模型、epoll模型

5.Nginx架构

Nginx服务器使用 master/worker 多进程模式。 主进程(Master process)启动后，会接收和处理外部信号； 主进程启动后通过fork() 函数产生一个或多个子进程(work process)，每个子进程会进行进程初始化、 模块调用以及对事件的接收和处理等工作。

nginx实战二第2张

nginx虚拟主机配置

nginx实战二第3张

1.nginx配置文件包括三部分：events上面的是全局部分、events、http（http里面有server，每一个server就是一个虚拟主机，一个http里面有多个server，可以跑多个站点，一般我们都是在http最下面加一条include vhost/*.conf，把所有的虚拟主机配置写到这个目录里面(http里面默认的server也注释掉)）

[root@centos-03 conf]# ls /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
[root@centos-03 conf]#

2.创建vhost目录，然后在vhost目录下创建.conf文件，我们这里所有的站点文件都放到data/wwwroot/目录下

[root@centos-03 conf]# mkdir vhost
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 conf]# mkdir -p /data/wwwroot/
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 conf]# mkdir /data/wwwroot/www.1.com
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# cd vhost/

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com；
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# cd /data/wwwroot/www.1.com/

[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# vim index.html^C           
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# cat index.html 
www.1.com
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]#

3.检查下配置文件是否有错

[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t         
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]#

4.重新加载配置文件

[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 conf]#

5.测试（相当于我们的www.1.com解析到了127.0.0.1上面了）

[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com
www.1.com
[root@centos-03 conf]#

6.这里我们用任何域名访问nginx都指向了www.1.com，这是因为nginx有一个默认虚拟主机的说法（访问没有配置的域名会指向其中一个虚拟主机），我们需要配置一个默认虚拟主机做一个限制，拒绝访问。

[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.a.com
www.1.com
[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.b.com
www.1.com
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# cd vhost/^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cp 1.conf default.conf^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim default.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat default.conf 
server {
        listen 80 default_server;
        deny all;
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.a.com
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.14.0</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.b.com
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.14.0</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com
www.1.com
[root@centos-03 vhost]#

7.泛解析server配置所有的xxx.1.com类型访问都会到1.com/index.html上

server {
        listen 80;
        server_name *.1.com;
        root /data/wwwroot/1.com;
}

8.基于端口的虚拟主机

[root@centos-03 vhost]# cp 1.conf 2.conf

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 2.conf ^C   
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 2.conf 
server {
        listen 8080;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com_8080;
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# mkdir /data/wwwroot/www.1.com_8080 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim /data/wwwroot/www.1.com_8080/index.html^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat !$
cat /data/wwwroot/www.1.com_8080/index.html
8080
[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t                 
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:8080 www.1.com
8080
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com  
www.1.com
[root@centos-03 vhost]#
nginx的rewrite配置-if

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/rewrite/if.md

nginx实战二第4张

1.if指令条件判断语句由Nginx内置变量、逻辑判断符号和目标字符串三部分组成。 其中，内置变量是Nginx固定的非自定义的变量，如，$request_method, $request_uri等。 逻辑判断符号，有=, !=, ~, ~*, !~, !~* !表示相反的意思，~为匹配符号，它右侧为正则表达式，区分大小写，而~*为不区分大小写匹配。 目标字符串可以是正则表达式，通常不用加引号，但表达式中有特殊符号时，比如空格、花括号、分号等，需要用单引号引起来。

if ($request_method = POST)  //当请求的方法为POST时，直接返回405状态码
{
    return 405; //在该示例中并未用到rewrite规则，if中支持用return指令。
}

if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) //user_agent带有MSIE字符的请求，直接返回403状态码
{
    return 403;
}

如果想同时限制多个user_agent，还可以写成这样

if ($http_user_agent ~ "MSIE|firefox|spider")
{
    return 403;
}

if(!-f $request_filename)  //当请求的文件不存在，将会执行下面的rewrite规则
{
    rewrite 语句;
}

if($request_uri ~* 'gid=d{9,12}/')  //d表示数字，{9,12}表示数字出现的次数是9到12次，如gid=123456789/就是符合条件的。
{
    rewrite 语句;
}
rewrite中的break和last

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/rewrite/break.md

两个指令用法相同，但含义不同，需要放到rewrite规则的末尾，用来控制重写后的链接是否继续被nginx配置执行(主要是rewrite、return指令)。

示例1（连续两条rewrite规则）：
server{
    listen 80; 
    server_name test.com;
    root /tmp/123.com;

    rewrite /1.html /2.html ;
    rewrite /2.html /3.html ;
    
}
当我们请求1.html时，最终访问到的是3.html，两条rewrite规则先后执行。

1.我们用1.conf虚拟机做实验，创建1.html、2.html、3.html

[root@centos-03 vhost]# cd /data/wwwroot/www.1.com
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# ls
index.html
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# touch 1.html 2.html 3.html
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# ls
1.html  2.html  3.html  index.html
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# echo 111 > 1.html
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# echo 222 > 2.html   
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# echo 333 > 3.html   
[root@centos-03 www.1.com]#

2.配置1.conf，开启rewrite日志添加rewrite规则，通过日志记录我们查看rewrite执行过程，开启error_log notice级别

[root@centos-03 www.1.com]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf 
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;
        rewrite /1.html /2.html; （这样会连续执行rewrite规则）
        rewrite /2.html /3.html;
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim nginx.conf
#error_log  logs/error.log;
error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t 
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload 
[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/1.html
333
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 conf]# less ../logs/error.log 
2018/07/26 17:33:21 [notice] 11371#0: *27 "/1.html" matches "/1.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 17:33:21 [notice] 11371#0: *27 rewritten data: "/2.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 17:33:21 [notice] 11371#0: *27 "/2.html" matches "/2.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 17:33:21 [notice] 11371#0: *27 rewritten data: "/3.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
(END)

3.我们想让执行完一个rewrite后就终止可以用break或last，这样匹配到222就不往下匹配了

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf 
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;
        rewrite /1.html /2.html last;
        rewrite /2.html /3.html;
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# 
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload 
[root@centos-03 conf]# !curl
curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/1.html
222
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 conf]# tail ../logs/error.log 
2018/07/26 18:43:07 [notice] 9429#0: start worker processes
2018/07/26 18:43:07 [notice] 9429#0: start worker process 11428
2018/07/26 18:43:07 [notice] 11371#0: gracefully shutting down
2018/07/26 18:43:07 [notice] 11371#0: exiting
2018/07/26 18:43:07 [notice] 11371#0: exit
2018/07/26 18:43:07 [notice] 9429#0: signal 17 (SIGCHLD) received from 11371
2018/07/26 18:43:07 [notice] 9429#0: worker process 11371 exited with code 0
2018/07/26 18:43:07 [notice] 9429#0: signal 29 (SIGIO) received
2018/07/26 18:43:15 [notice] 11428#0: *28 "/1.html" matches "/1.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 18:43:15 [notice] 11428#0: *28 rewritten data: "/2.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
[root@centos-03 conf]#

4.当使用了location的时候last和break不一样，不加break和last的情况

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;
        location / {
                rewrite /1.html /2.html;
                rewrite /2.html /3.html;
        }
        location /2.html
        {
                rewrite /2.html /a.html;
        }
        location /3.html
        {
                rewrite /3.html /b.html;
        }
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t       
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload 
[root@centos-03 conf]# !curl
curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/1.html
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.14.0</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@centos-03 conf]# 

[root@centos-03 conf]# !tail
tail ../logs/error.log 
2018/07/26 19:24:53 [notice] 9429#0: signal 29 (SIGIO) received
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [notice] 11465#0: *29 "/1.html" matches "/1.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [notice] 11465#0: *29 rewritten data: "/2.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [notice] 11465#0: *29 "/2.html" matches "/2.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [notice] 11465#0: *29 rewritten data: "/3.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [notice] 11465#0: *29 "/3.html" matches "/3.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [notice] 11465#0: *29 rewritten data: "/b.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [notice] 11465#0: *29 "/1.html" does not match "/b.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [notice] 11465#0: *29 "/2.html" does not match "/b.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:25:02 [error] 11465#0: *29 open() "/data/wwwroot/www.1.com/b.html" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: 
"GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
[root@centos-03 conf]#

5.加上break的情况

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;
        location / {
                rewrite /1.html /2.html break;
                rewrite /2.html /3.html;
        }
        location /2.html
        {
                rewrite /2.html /a.html;
        }
        location /3.html
        {
                rewrite /3.html /b.html;
        }
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t      
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload 
[root@centos-03 conf]# !curl
curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/1.html
222
[root@centos-03 conf]# !tail
tail ../logs/error.log 
2018/07/26 19:36:11 [notice] 9429#0: start worker processes
2018/07/26 19:36:11 [notice] 9429#0: start worker process 11475
2018/07/26 19:36:11 [notice] 11465#0: gracefully shutting down
2018/07/26 19:36:11 [notice] 11465#0: exiting
2018/07/26 19:36:11 [notice] 11465#0: exit
2018/07/26 19:36:11 [notice] 9429#0: signal 17 (SIGCHLD) received from 11465
2018/07/26 19:36:11 [notice] 9429#0: worker process 11465 exited with code 0
2018/07/26 19:36:11 [notice] 9429#0: signal 29 (SIGIO) received
2018/07/26 19:36:19 [notice] 11475#0: *30 "/1.html" matches "/1.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:36:19 [notice] 11475#0: *30 rewritten data: "/2.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
[root@centos-03 conf]#

6.把break改成last试试

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf ^C    
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;
        location / {
                rewrite /1.html /2.html last;
                rewrite /2.html /3.html;
        }
        location /2.html
        {
                rewrite /2.html /a.html;
        }
        location /3.html
        {
                rewrite /3.html /b.html;
        }
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t      
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload 
[root@centos-03 conf]# !curl
curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/1.html
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.14.0</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@centos-03 conf]# !tail
tail ../logs/error.log 
2018/07/26 19:39:05 [notice] 9429#0: signal 17 (SIGCHLD) received from 11475
2018/07/26 19:39:05 [notice] 9429#0: worker process 11475 exited with code 0
2018/07/26 19:39:05 [notice] 9429#0: signal 29 (SIGIO) received
2018/07/26 19:39:12 [notice] 11484#0: *31 "/1.html" matches "/1.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:39:12 [notice] 11484#0: *31 rewritten data: "/2.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:39:12 [notice] 11484#0: *31 "/2.html" matches "/2.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:39:12 [notice] 11484#0: *31 rewritten data: "/a.html", args: "", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:39:12 [notice] 11484#0: *31 "/1.html" does not match "/a.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:39:12 [notice] 11484#0: *31 "/2.html" does not match "/a.html", client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request: "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
2018/07/26 19:39:12 [error] 11484#0: *31 open() "/data/wwwroot/www.1.com/a.html" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 127.0.0.1, server: www.1.com, request:
 "GET HTTP://www.1.com/1.html HTTP/1.1", host: "www.1.com"
[root@centos-03 conf]#
结论：
  • 当rewrite规则在location{}外，break和last作用一样，遇到break或last后，其后续的rewrite/return语句不再执行。但后续有location{}的话，还会近一步执行location{}里面的语句,当然前提是请求必须要匹配该location。
  • 当rewrite规则在location{}里，遇到break后，本location{}与其他location{}的所有rewrite/return规则都不再执行。
  • 当rewrite规则在location{}里，遇到last后，本location{}里后续rewrite/return规则不执行，但重写后的url再次从头开始执行所有规则，哪个匹配执行哪个。
nginx中的return用法

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/rewrite/return.md

该指令一般用于对请求的客户端直接返回响应状态码。在该作用域内return后面的所有nginx配置都是无效的。 可以使用在server、location以及if配置中。 除了支持跟状态码，还可以跟字符串或者url链接。

1.直接返回状态码

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/default.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/default.conf 
server {
        listen 80 default_server;
        return 403;
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 fjldsfjdsajfl
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.14.0</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 fjldsfjdsajfl -I
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 12:42:18 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 169
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 conf]#

2.在if中使用return直接返回404

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf    
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;

        if ($request_uri ~ ".htpasswd|.bak")
        {
                return 404;
                rewrite /(.*) /aaa.txt;  #该行配置不会被执行。
        }
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t      
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload 
[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/12/.htpasswd -I
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 12:50:11 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 169
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 conf]#

3.返回字符串

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;

        if ($request_uri ~ ".htpasswd|.bak")
        {
                return 200 "ok";
                rewrite /(.*) /aaa.txt;  #该行配置不会被执行。
        }
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t               
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload 
[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/12/.htpasswd -I 
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 12:53:53 GMT
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Length: 2
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/12/.htpasswd
ok[root@centos-03 conf]#

4.返回url

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf                      
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;

        if ($request_uri ~ ".htpasswd|.bak")
        {
                return 200 "<html><script>window.location.href='http://$host$request_uri';</script></html>";
                rewrite /(.*) /aaa.txt;  #该行配置不会被执行。
        }
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t            
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload 
[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/12/.htpasswd 
<html><script>window.location.href='http://www.1.com/12/.htpasswd';</script></html>[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/12/.htpasswd -I
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 13:07:28 GMT
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Length: 78
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 conf]#

5.301跳转

[root@centos-03 conf]# vim vhost/1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 conf]# cat vhost/1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite_log on;

        if ($request_uri ~ ".htpasswd|.bak")
        {
                return 301 http://www.baidu.com;
                rewrite /(.*) /aaa.txt;  #该行配置不会被执行。
        }
}
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t               
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 conf]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload        
[root@centos-03 conf]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/12/.htpasswd -I 
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 13:12:38 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 185
Connection: keep-alive
Location: http://www.baidu.com

[root@centos-03 conf]#
rewrite规则语法

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/rewrite/rewrite_ruler.md

1.格式：rewrite regex replacement [flag]

* rewrite配置可以在server、location以及if配置段内生效 * regex是用于匹配URI的正则表达式，其不会匹配到$host（域名） * replacement是目标跳转的URI，可以以http://或者https://开头，也可以省略掉$host，直接写$request_uri部分（即请求的链接） * flag，用来设置rewrite对URI的处理行为，其中有break、last、rediect、permanent，其中break和last在前面已经介绍过， rediect和permanent的区别在于，前者为临时重定向(302)，而后者是永久重定向(301)，对于用户通过浏览器访问，这两者的效果是一致的。 但是，对于搜索引擎蜘蛛爬虫来说就有区别了，使用301更有利于SEO。所以，建议replacemnet是以http://或者https://开头的flag使用permanent。

例一：

location / {
    rewrite /(.*) http://www.aming.com/$1 permanent;
}
说明：.*为正则表达式，用()括起来，在后面的URI中可以调用它，第一次出现的()用$1调用，第二次出现的()用$2调用，以此类推。

例二：

location / {
    rewrite /.* http://www.aming.com$request_uri permanent;
}
说明：在replacement中，支持变量，这里的$request_uri就是客户端请求的链接

例三：

server{
    listen 80;
    server_name www.123.com;
    root /tmp/123.com;
    index index.html;
    rewrite /(.*) /abc/$1 redirect;
}
说明：本例中的rewrite规则有问题，会造连续循环，最终会失败，解决该问题有两个方案。
关于循环次数，经测试发现，curl 会循环50次，chrome会循环80次，IE会循环120次，firefox会循环20次。

server{
    listen 80;
    server_name www.123.com;
    root /tmp/123.com;
    index index.html;
    rewrite /(.*) /abc/$1 break;
}
说明：在rewrite中使用break，会避免循环。

server{
    listen 80;
    server_name www.123.com;
    root /tmp/123.com;
    index index.html;
    if ($request_uri !~ '^/abc/')
    {
        rewrite /(.*) /abc/$1 redirect;
    }
}
说明：加一个条件限制，也可以避免产生循环
nginx全局变量

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/rewrite/variable.md

nginx 常用全局变量

$args	请求中的参数，如www.123.com/1.php?a=1&b=2的$args就是a=1&b=2
$content_length	HTTP请求信息里的”Content-Length”
$conten_type	HTTP请求信息里的”Content-Type”
$document_root	nginx虚拟主机配置文件中的root参数对应的值
$document_uri	当前请求中不包含指令的URI，如www.123.com/1.php?a=1&b=2的$document_uri就是1.php,不包含后面的参数
$host	主机头，也就是域名
$http_user_agent	客户端的详细信息，也就是浏览器的标识，用curl -A可以指定
$http_cookie	客户端的cookie信息
$limit_rate	如果nginx服务器使用limit_rate配置了显示网络速率，则会显示，如果没有设置， 则显示0
$remote_addr	客户端的公网ip
$remote_port	客户端的port
$remote_user	如果nginx有配置认证，该变量代表客户端认证的用户名
$request_body_file	做反向代理时发给后端服务器的本地资源的名称
$request_method	请求资源的方式，GET/PUT/DELETE等
$request_filename	当前请求的资源文件的路径名称，相当于是$document_root/$document_uri的组合
$request_uri	请求的链接，包括$document_uri和$args
$scheme	请求的协议，如ftp,http,https
$server_protocol	客户端请求资源使用的协议的版本，如HTTP/1.0，HTTP/1.1，HTTP/2.0等
$server_addr	服务器IP地址
$server_name	服务器的主机名
$server_port	服务器的端口号
$uri	和$document_uri相同
$http_referer	客户端请求时的referer，通俗讲就是该请求是通过哪个链接跳过来的，用curl -e可以指定

1.$args

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        return 200 "$args";
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t              
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/1.php?a=1&b=2'
a=1&b=2[root@centos-03 vhost]#

2.$content_length

[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/1.php?a=1&b=2' -I
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 13:48:13 GMT
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Length: 7
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 vhost]#

3.$http_user_agent

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        return 200 "$http_user_agent";
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t                 
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/1.php?a=1&b=2'
curl/7.29.0[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -A "USERANGET" -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/1.php?a=1&b=2'
USERANGET[root@centos-03 vhost]#
rewrite实战　　
域名跳转（域名重定向）
[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        rewrite /(.*) http://www.baidu.com/$1 permanent;
        access_log /tmp/1.log;
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t              
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/a'            
<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.14.0</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/a' -I
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 14:21:52 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 185
Connection: keep-alive
Location: http://www.baidu.com/a

[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

示例2（带条件的）：
server{
    listen 80;
    server_name www.aminglinux.com aminglinux.com;
    if ($host != 'www.aminglinux.com')
    {
        rewrite /(.*) http://www.aminglinux.com/$1 permanent;
    }
    .......
    
}
示例3（http跳转到https）：
server{
    listen 80;
    server_name www.aminglinux.com;
    rewrite /(.*) https://www.aminglinux.com/$1 permanent;
    .......
    
}
示例4（域名访问二级目录）
server{
    listen 80;
    server_name bbs.aminglinux.com;
    rewrite /(.*) http://www.aminglinux.com/bbs/$1 last;
    .......
    
}
示例5（静态请求分离）
server{
    listen 80;
    server_name www.aminglinux.com;
    location ~* ^.+.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js)$
    {
        rewrite /(.*) http://img.aminglinux.com/$1 permanent;
    }

    .......
    
}
或者：
server{
    listen 80;
    server_name www.aminglinux.com;
    if ( $uri ~* 'jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js$')
    {
        rewrite /(.*) http://img.aminglinux.com/$1 permanent;
    }

    .......
    
}

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        if ( $uri ~* (jpg|gif|jpeg)$){
                rewrite /(.*) http://www.baidu.com/$1 permanent;
        }
        access_log /tmp/1.log;
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t     
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/1.jpg' -I  
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 14:44:15 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 185
Connection: keep-alive
Location: http://www.baidu.com/1.jpg

[root@centos-03 vhost]#
防盗链
示例6
server{
    listen 80;
    server_name www.aminglinux.com;
    location ~* ^.+.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js|rar|zip|flv)$
    {
        valid_referers none blocked server_names *.aminglinux.com aminglinux.com *.aming.com aming.com;
        if ($invalid_referer)
        {
            rewrite /(.*) http://img.aminglinux.com/images/forbidden.png;
        }
    }

    .......
    
}
说明：*这里是通配，跟正则里面的*不是一个意思，none指的是referer不存在的情况（curl -e 测试），
      blocked指的是referer头部的值被防火墙或者代理服务器删除或者伪装的情况，
      该情况下，referer头部的值不以http://或者https://开头（curl -e 后面跟的referer不以http://或者https://开头）。
或者：
    location ~* ^.+.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js|rar|zip|flv)$
    {
        valid_referers none blocked server_names *.aminglinux.com *.aming.com aminglinux.com aming.com;
        if ($invalid_referer)
        {
            return 403;
        }
    }

1.当我们用域名www.1.com访问时返回404正确，用www.2.com访问返回403没权限

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        access_log /tmp/1.log;
        location ~* ^.+.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js|rar|zip|flv)$
        {
                valid_referers none blocked server_names *.1.com 1.com;  (白名单域名)
        if ($invalid_referer)
        {
            return 403;
        }
    }
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t         
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/1.jpg' -I
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 15:13:06 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 169
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.2.com/1.jpg' -I 
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 15:13:48 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 169
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -e "http://www.1.com" -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/1.jpg' -I          
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 15:19:00 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 169
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -e "http://www.2.com" -x127.0.0.1:80 'www.1.com/1.jpg' -I 
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 15:19:09 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 169
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 vhost]#
伪静态
示例7(discuz伪静态)：
location /  {
    rewrite ^([^.]*)/topic-(.+).html$ $1/portal.php?mod=topic&topic=$2 last;
    rewrite ^([^.]*)/forum-(w+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
    rewrite ^([^.]*)/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=$2&extra=page%3D$4&page=$3 last;
    rewrite ^([^.]*)/group-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/forum.php?mod=group&fid=$2&page=$3 last;
    rewrite ^([^.]*)/space-(username|uid)-(.+).html$ $1/home.php?mod=space&$2=$3 last;
    rewrite ^([^.]*)/(fid|tid)-([0-9]+).html$ $1/index.php?action=$2&value=$3 last;
}
rewrite多个条件的并且
示例8：
location /{
    set $rule 0;
    if ($document_uri !~ '^/abc')
    {
        set $rule "${rule}1";
    }
    if ($http_user_agent ~* 'ie6|firefox')
    {
       set $rule "${rule}2";
    }
    if ($rule = "012")
    {
        rewrite /(.*) /abc/$1 redirect;
    }
}

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        access_log /tmp/1.log;
        location ~* ^.+.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js|rar|zip|flv)$
        {
                valid_referers none blocked server_names *.1.com 1.com;
                if ($invalid_referer)
                {
                        return 403;
                }
        }

        set $a 0;
        if ($request_uri !~ "^/abc/")
        {
                set $a "${a}1";
        }

        if ($http_user_agent ~ 'IE|chrome')
        {
                set $a "${a}2";
        }

        if ($a = "012")
        {
                return 406;
        }
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t                    
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 -A "chrome" www.1.com/1.html -I
HTTP/1.1 406 Not Acceptable
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 15:46:05 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 179
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 -A "chrome" www.1.com/abc/1.html -I
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Server: nginx/1.14.0
Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2018 15:50:34 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 169
Connection: keep-alive

[root@centos-03 vhost]#
nginx的location配置　　

https://coding.net/u/aminglinux/p/nginx/git/blob/master/location/ruler.md

nginx实战二第5张

1.安装echo-nginx-module模块，这样我们就可以使用echo命令了，首先用git把源码克隆下来

[root@centos-03 src]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@centos-03 src]# yum install -y git
[root@centos-03 src]# git clone https://github.com/openresty/echo-nginx-module.git
正克隆到 'echo-nginx-module'...
remote: Counting objects: 2991, done.
remote: Total 2991 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 2991
接收对象中: 100% (2991/2991), 1.13 MiB | 152.00 KiB/s, done.
处理 delta 中: 100% (1607/1607), done.
[root@centos-03 src]# 

[root@centos-03 src]# ls
echo-nginx-module  filebeat-6.3.1-x86_64.rpm  nginx-1.14.0  nginx-1.14.0.tar.gz
[root@centos-03 src]# cd nginx-1.14.0
[root@centos-03 nginx-1.14.0]# make clean
rm -rf Makefile objs
[root@centos-03 nginx-1.14.0]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.14.0
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) (GCC) 
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx
[root@centos-03 nginx-1.14.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --add-module=/usr/local/src/echo-nginx-module/

[root@centos-03 nginx-1.14.0]# make && make install

[root@centos-03 nginx-1.14.0]# /etc/init.d/nginx restart
Restarting nginx (via systemctl):                          [  确定  ]
[root@centos-03 nginx-1.14.0]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V                                                      
nginx version: nginx/1.14.0
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) (GCC) 
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --add-module=/usr/local/src/echo-nginx-module/
[root@centos-03 nginx-1.14.0]#

2.测试echo命令是否能用

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        access_log /tmp/1.log;
        location /abc/
        {
                echo 123;
        }
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/abc/www
123
[root@centos-03 vhost]#

location语法

nginx location语法规则：location [=|~|~*|^~] /uri/ { … } nginx的location匹配的变量是$uri

符号	说明
=	表示精确匹配
^~	表示uri以指定字符或字符串开头
~	表示区分大小写的正则匹配
~*	表示不区分大小写的正则匹配
/	通用匹配，任何请求都会匹配到

=  高于  ^~  高于  ~* 等于 ~  高于  /

location = "/12.jpg" { ... }
如：
www.aminglinux.com/12.jpg 匹配
www.aminglinux.com/abc/12.jpg 不匹配

location ^~ "/abc/" { ... }
如：
www.aminglinux.com/abc/123.html 匹配
www.aminglinux.com/a/abc/123.jpg 不匹配

location ~ "png" { ... }
如：
www.aminglinux.com/aaa/bbb/ccc/123.png 匹配
www.aminglinux.com/aaa/png/123.html 匹配

location ~* "png" { ... }
如：
www.aminglinux.com/aaa/bbb/ccc/123.PNG 匹配
www.aminglinux.com/aaa/png/123.html 匹配


location /admin/ { ... }
如：
www.aminglinux.com/admin/aaa/1.php 匹配
www.aminglinux.com/123/admin/1.php 不匹配

有些资料上介绍location支持不匹配 !~，
如： location !~ 'png'{ ... }
这是错误的，location不支持 !~

如果有这样的需求，可以通过if来实现，
如： if ($uri !~ 'png') { ... }

注意：location优先级小于if

1.echo 在生产环境下不用，只是用做测试　　

优先级测试域名会匹配到两个location规则由于~*的优先级高于/优先级，所以最终匹配到了~*

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        access_log /tmp/1.log;
        location /abc/
        {
                echo "/";
        }

        location ~* abc
        {
                echo "~*";

        }
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t      
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/abc/www
~*
[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C  （^~优先级高于~*）
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        access_log /tmp/1.log;
        location ^~ /abc
        {
                echo "^~";
        }

        location ~* abc
        {
                echo "~*";

        }
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/abc/www
^~
[root@centos-03 vhost]# 

[root@centos-03 vhost]# vim 1.conf ^C （等于号优先级高于^~）
[root@centos-03 vhost]# cat 1.conf 
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.1.com;
        index index.html;
        root /data/wwwroot/www.1.com;
        access_log /tmp/1.log;
        location ^~ /abc
        {
                echo "^~";
        }

        location = /abc/1.html
        {
                echo "=";

        }
}
[root@centos-03 vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@centos-03 vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.1.com/abc/1.html
=
[root@centos-03 vhost]#

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