摘要：
Istio中的流量配置目录。Istio中的流量配置容器。Isoinitio proxyEnvoy体系结构Pilot代理生成的初始配置文件Envoy管理界面。SDS获得的完整配置是指Istio注入的容器。Istio的数据端将在pod中注入两个容器：isoinit和isoproxy。Istio initio init将通过创建iptables规则来接管流量：
Istio中的流量配置
Istio注入的容器
Istio的数据面会在pod中注入两个容器：istio-init和istio-proxy。
Istio-init
istio-init会通过创建iptables规则来接管流量：
命令行参数 -p
15001表示出向流量被iptable重定向到Envoy的15001端口命令行参数 -z
15006表示入向流量被iptable重定向到Envoy的15006端口命令行参数 -u
1337参数用于排除用户ID为1337，即Envoy自身的流量，以避免Iptable把Envoy发出的数据又重定向到Envoy，形成死循环。在istio-proxy容器中执行如下命令可以看到Envoy使用的用户id为1337。$ id uid=1337(istio-proxy) gid=1337(istio-proxy) groups=1337(istio-proxy)
istio-iptables
-p
15001
-z
15006
-u
1337
-m
REDIRECT
-i
*
-x
-b
*
-d
15090,15021,15020
--run-validation
--skip-rule-apply
istio-proxy
istio-proxy容器中会运行两个程序：pilot-agent和envoy。
$ ps -ef|cat
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
istio-p+ 1 0 0 Sep10 ? 00:03:39 /usr/local/bin/pilot-agent proxy sidecar --domain default.svc.cluster.local --serviceCluster sleep.default --proxyLogLevel=warning --proxyComponentLogLevel=misc:error --trust-domain=cluster.local --concurrency 2
istio-p+ 27 1 0 Sep10 ? 00:14:30 /usr/local/bin/envoy -c etc/istio/proxy/envoy-rev0.json --restart-epoch 0 --drain-time-s 45 --parent-shutdown-time-s 60 --service-cluster sleep.default --service-node sidecar~10.80.3.109~sleep-856d589c9b-x6szk.default~default.svc.cluster.local --local-address-ip-version v4 --log-format-prefix-with-location 0 --log-format %Y-%m-%dT%T.%fZ.%l.envoy %n.%v -l warning --component-log-level misc:error --concurrency 2
Envoy架构
Envoy对入站/出站请求的处理过程如下，Envoy按照如下顺序依次在各个过滤器中处理请求。
典型的入站请求流程如下，首先在监听过滤器链中解析入站报文中的TLS，然后通过传输socket建立连接，最后由网络过滤器链进行处理(含HTTP连接管理器)。
Pilot-agent生成的初始配置文件
pilot-agent根据启动参数和K8S API Server中的配置信息生成Envoy的bootstrap文件(/etc/istio/proxy/envoy-rev0.json)，并负责启动Envoy进程(可以看到Envoy进程的父进程是pilot-agent)；envoy会通过xDS接口从istiod动态获取配置文件。envoy-rev0.json初始配置文件结构如下：
node：给出了Envoy 实例的信息
"node": { "id": "sidecar~10.80.3.109~sleep-856d589c9b-x6szk.default~default.svc.cluster.local", "cluster": "sleep.default", "locality": { }, "metadata": {"APP_CONTAINERS":"sleep,istio-proxy","CLUSTER_ID":"Kubernetes","EXCHANGE_KEYS":"NAME,NAMESPACE,INSTANCE_IPS,LABELS,OWNER,PLATFORM_METADATA,WORKLOAD_NAME,MESH_ID,SERVICE_ACCOUNT,CLUSTER_ID","INSTANCE_IPS":"10.80.3.109,fe80::40fb:daff:feed:e56c","INTERCEPTION_MODE":"REDIRECT","ISTIO_PROXY_SHA":"istio-proxy:f642a7fd07d0a99944a6e3529566e7985829839c","ISTIO_VERSION":"1.7.0","LABELS":{"app":"sleep","istio.io/rev":"default","pod-template-hash":"856d589c9b","security.istio.io/tlsMode":"istio","service.istio.io/canonical-name":"sleep","service.istio.io/canonical-revision":"latest"},"MESH_ID":"cluster.local","NAME":"sleep-856d589c9b-x6szk","NAMESPACE":"default","OWNER":"kubernetes://apis/apps/v1/namespaces/default/deployments/sleep","POD_PORTS":"[{"name":"http-envoy-prom","containerPort":15090,"protocol":"TCP"}]","PROXY_CONFIG":{"binaryPath":"/usr/local/bin/envoy","concurrency":2,"configPath":"./etc/istio/proxy","controlPlaneAuthPolicy":"MUTUAL_TLS","discoveryAddress":"istiod.istio-system.svc:15012","drainDuration":"45s","envoyAccessLogService":{},"envoyMetricsService":{},"parentShutdownDuration":"60s","proxyAdminPort":15000,"proxyMetadata":{"DNS_AGENT":""},"serviceCluster":"sleep.default","statNameLength":189,"statusPort":15020,"terminationDrainDuration":"5s","tracing":{"zipkin":{"address":"zipkin.istio-system:9411"}}},"SDS":"true","SERVICE_ACCOUNT":"sleep","WORKLOAD_NAME":"sleep","k8s.v1.cni.cncf.io/networks":"istio-cni","sidecar.istio.io/interceptionMode":"REDIRECT","sidecar.istio.io/status":"{"version":"8e6e902b765af607513b28d284940ee1421e9a0d07698741693b2663c7161c11","initContainers":["istio-validation"],"containers":["istio-proxy"],"volumes":["istio-envoy","istio-data","istio-podinfo","istiod-ca-cert"],"imagePullSecrets":null}","traffic.sidecar.istio.io/excludeInboundPorts":"15020","traffic.sidecar.istio.io/includeOutboundIPRanges":"*"} },admin：给出了Envoy的日志路径和管理端口，例如可以通过
curl -X POST localhost:15000/logging?level=trace设置日志级别为trace。"admin": { "access_log_path": "/dev/null", /* 管理服务器的访问日志路径 */ "profile_path": "/var/lib/istio/data/envoy.prof", /* 管理服务器的CPU输出路径 */ "address": { /* 管理服务器监听的TCP地址 */ "socket_address": { "address": "127.0.0.1", "port_value": 15000 } } },dynamic_resources：配置动态资源，用于配置lds_config，cds_config和ads_config
Envoy通过
xds-grpccluster(参见static_resources)来获得xDS服务的地址。"dynamic_resources": { "lds_config": { /* 通过一个LDS配置Listeners */ "ads": {}, "resource_api_version": "V3" /* LDS使用的API版本号 */ }, "cds_config": { /* 通过一个CDS配置Cluster */ "ads": {}, "resource_api_version": "V3" }, "ads_config": { /* API配置资源，用于指定API类型和Envoy获取xDS API的cluster */ "api_type": "GRPC", /* 使用GRPC获取xDS信息 */ "transport_api_version": "V3", /* xDS传输协议的版本号 */ "grpc_services": [ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "xds-grpc" /* 动态获取xDS配置的cluster */ } } ] } },static_resources：配置静态资源，主要包括clusters和listeners两种资源：
clusters：下面给出了几个静态配置的cluster。
"clusters": [ { "name": "prometheus_stats", /* 使用Prometheus暴露metrics，接口为127.0.0.1:15000/stats/prometheus */ "type": "STATIC", /* 明确指定上游host的网络名(IP地址/端口等) */ "connect_timeout": "0.250s", "lb_policy": "ROUND_ROBIN", "load_assignment": { /* 仅用于类型为STATIC, STRICT_DNS或LOGICAL_DNS，用于给非EDS的clyster内嵌与EDS等同的endpoint */ "cluster_name": "prometheus_stats", "endpoints": [{ "lb_endpoints": [{ /* 负载均衡的后端 */ "endpoint": { "address":{ "socket_address": { "protocol": "TCP", "address": "127.0.0.1", "port_value": 15000 } } } }] }] } }, { "name": "agent", /* 暴露健康检查接口，可以使用curl http://127.0.0.1:15020/healthz/ready -v查看 */ "type": "STATIC", "connect_timeout": "0.250s", "lb_policy": "ROUND_ROBIN", "load_assignment": { "cluster_name": "prometheus_stats", "endpoints": [{ "lb_endpoints": [{ /* 负载均衡的后端 */ "endpoint": { "address":{ "socket_address": { "protocol": "TCP", "address": "127.0.0.1", "port_value": 15020 } } } }] }] } }, { "name": "sds-grpc", /* 配置SDS cluster */ "type": "STATIC", "http2_protocol_options": {}, "connect_timeout": "1s", "lb_policy": "ROUND_ROBIN", "load_assignment": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc", "endpoints": [{ "lb_endpoints": [{ "endpoint": { "address":{ "pipe": { "path": "./etc/istio/proxy/SDS" /* 进行SDS的UNIX socket路径，用于在mTLS期间给istio-agent和proxy提供通信 */ } } } }] }] } }, { "name": "xds-grpc", /* 动态xDS使用的grpc服务器配置 */ "type": "STRICT_DNS", "respect_dns_ttl": true, "dns_lookup_family": "V4_ONLY", "connect_timeout": "1s", "lb_policy": "ROUND_ROBIN", "transport_socket": { /* 配置与上游连接的传输socket */ "name": "envoy.transport_sockets.tls", /* 需要实例化的传输socket名称 */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.UpstreamTlsContext", "sni": "istiod.istio-system.svc", /* 创建TLS后端(即SDS服务器)连接时要使用的SNI字符串 */ "common_tls_context": { /* 配置client和server使用的TLS上下文 */ "alpn_protocols": [/* listener暴露的ALPN协议列表，如果为空，则不使用APPN */ "h2" ], "tls_certificate_sds_secret_configs": [/*通过SDS API获取TLS证书的配置 */ { "name": "default", "sds_config": { /* 配置sds_config时将会从静态资源加载secret */ "resource_api_version": "V3", /* xDS的API版本 */ "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "api_config_source": { /* SDS API配置，如版本和SDS服务 */ "api_type": "GRPC", "transport_api_version": "V3", /* xDS传输协议的API版本 */ "grpc_services": [ { /* SDS服务器对应上面配置的sds-grpc cluster */ "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" } } ] } } } ], "validation_context": { "trusted_ca": { "filename": "./var/run/secrets/istio/root-cert.pem" /* 本地文件系统的数据源。挂载当前命名空间下的config istio-ca-root-cert，其中的CA证书与istio-system命名空间下的istio-ca-secret中的CA证书相同，用于校验对端istiod的证书 */ }, "match_subject_alt_names": [{"exact":"istiod.istio-system.svc"}] /* 验证证书中的SAN，即来自istiod的证书 */ } } } }, "load_assignment": { "cluster_name": "xds-grpc", /* 可以看到xds-grpc的后端为istiod的15012端口 */ "endpoints": [{ "lb_endpoints": [{ "endpoint": { "address":{ "socket_address": {"address": "istiod.istio-system.svc", "port_value": 15012} } } }] }] }, "circuit_breakers": { /* 断路器配置 */ "thresholds": [ { "priority": "DEFAULT", "max_connections": 100000, "max_pending_requests": 100000, "max_requests": 100000 }, { "priority": "HIGH", "max_connections": 100000, "max_pending_requests": 100000, "max_requests": 100000 } ] }, "upstream_connection_options": { "tcp_keepalive": { "keepalive_time": 300 } }, "max_requests_per_connection": 1, "http2_protocol_options": { } } , { "name": "zipkin", /* 分布式链路跟踪zipkin的cluster配置 */ "type": "STRICT_DNS", "respect_dns_ttl": true, "dns_lookup_family": "V4_ONLY", "connect_timeout": "1s", "lb_policy": "ROUND_ROBIN", "load_assignment": { "cluster_name": "zipkin", "endpoints": [{ "lb_endpoints": [{ "endpoint": { "address":{ "socket_address": {"address": "zipkin.istio-system", "port_value": 9411} } } }] }] } } ],上面使用
type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.UpstreamTlsContextAPI接口来对传输socket进行配置，sni和common_tls_context都属于结构体UpstreamTlsContext中的成员变量。可以使用
istioctl pc cluster命令查看静态cluster资源，第一列对应上面的Cluster.name，其中sds-grpc用于提供SDS服务，SDS的原理可以参见官方文档。# istioctl pc cluster sleep-856d589c9b-x6szk.default |grep STATIC BlackHoleCluster - - - STATIC agent - - - STATIC prometheus_stats - - - STATIC sds-grpc - - - STATIC sleep.default.svc.cluster.local 80 http inbound STATIClistener，下面用到了Network filter中的HTTP connection manager
"listeners":[ { "address": { /* listener监听的地址 */ "socket_address": { "protocol": "TCP", "address": "0.0.0.0", "port_value": 15090 } }, "filter_chains": [ { "filters": [ { "name": "envoy.http_connection_manager", "typed_config": { /* 对扩展API的配置 */ "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager", "codec_type": "AUTO", /* 由连接管理器判断使用哪种编解码器 */ "stat_prefix": "stats", "route_config": { /* 连接管理器的静态路由表 */ "virtual_hosts": [ /* 路由表使用的虚拟主机列表 */ { "name": "backend", /* 路由表使用的虚拟主机 */ "domains": [ /* 匹配该虚拟主机的域列表 */ "*" ], "routes": [ /* 匹配入请求的路由列表，使用第一个匹配的路由 */ { "match": { /* 将HTTP地址为/stats/prometheus的请求路由到cluster prometheus_stats */ "prefix": "/stats/prometheus" }, "route": { "cluster": "prometheus_stats" } } ] } ] }, "http_filters": [{ /* 构成filter链的filter，用于处理请求。此处并没有定义任何规则 */ "name": "envoy.router", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.router.v3.Router" } }] } } ] } ] }, { "address": { "socket_address": { "protocol": "TCP", "address": "0.0.0.0", "port_value": 15021 } }, "filter_chains": [ { "filters": [ { "name": "envoy.http_connection_manager", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager", "codec_type": "AUTO", "stat_prefix": "agent", "route_config": { /* 静态路由表配置 */ "virtual_hosts": [ { "name": "backend", "domains": [ "*" ], "routes": [ { "match": { /* 将HTTP地址为/healthz/ready的请求路由到cluster agent */ "prefix": "/healthz/ready" }, "route": { "cluster": "agent" } } ] } ] }, "http_filters": [{ "name": "envoy.router", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.router.v3.Router" } }] } } ] } ] } ] }
tracing，对应上面static_resources里定义的zipkin cluster。
"tracing": { "http": { "name": "envoy.zipkin", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.trace.v3.ZipkinConfig", "collector_cluster": "zipkin", "collector_endpoint": "/api/v2/spans", "collector_endpoint_version": "HTTP_JSON", "trace_id_128bit": true, "shared_span_context": false } } }基本流程如下：
Envoy管理接口获取的完整配置
可以在注入Envoy sidecar的pod中执行curl -X POST localhost:15000/config_dump来获取完整的配置信息。可以看到它主要包含BootstrapConfig，ClustersConfig，ListenersConfig，RoutesConfig，SecretsConfig这5部分。
Bootstrap：它与上面由Pilot-agent生成的
envoy-rev0.json文件中的内容相同，即提供给Envoy proxy的初始化配置，给出了xDS服务器的地址等信息。Clusters：在Envoy中，Cluster是一个服务集群，每个cluster包含一个或多个endpoint(可以将cluster近似看作是k8s中的service)。
从上图可以看出，ClustersConfig包含两种cluster配置：
static_clusters和dynamic_active_clusters。前者中的cluster来自envoy-rev0.json中配置的静态cluster资源，包含agent，prometheus_stats，sds-grpc，xds-grpc和zipkin；后者是通过xDS接口从istio的控制面获取的动态配置信息，dynamic_active_clusters主要分为如下四种类型：BlackHoleCluster：
"cluster": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster", "name": "BlackHoleCluster", /* cluster名称 */ "type": "STATIC", "connect_timeout": "10s", "filters": [ /* 出站连接的过滤器配置 */ { "name": "istio.metadata_exchange", "typed_config": { /* 对扩展API的配置 */ "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.tcp.metadataexchange.config.MetadataExchange", "value": { "protocol": "istio-peer-exchange" } } } ] },BlackHoleCluster使用的API类型为type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct，表示控制面缺少缺少该扩展的模式定义，client会使用type_url指定的API，将内容转换为类型化的配置资源。在上面可以看到Istio使用了协议
istio-peer-exchange，服务网格内部的两个Envoy实例之间使用该协议来交互Node Metadata。NodeMetadata的数据结构如下：type NodeMetadata struct { // ProxyConfig defines the proxy config specified for a proxy. // Note that this setting may be configured different for each proxy, due user overrides // or from different versions of proxies connecting. While Pilot has access to the meshConfig.defaultConfig, // this field should be preferred if it is present. ProxyConfig *NodeMetaProxyConfig `json:"PROXY_CONFIG,omitempty"` // IstioVersion specifies the Istio version associated with the proxy IstioVersion string `json:"ISTIO_VERSION,omitempty"` // Labels specifies the set of workload instance (ex: k8s pod) labels associated with this node. Labels map[string]string `json:"LABELS,omitempty"` // InstanceIPs is the set of IPs attached to this proxy InstanceIPs StringList `json:"INSTANCE_IPS,omitempty"` // Namespace is the namespace in which the workload instance is running. Namespace string `json:"NAMESPACE,omitempty"` // InterceptionMode is the name of the metadata variable that carries info about // traffic interception mode at the proxy InterceptionMode TrafficInterceptionMode `json:"INTERCEPTION_MODE,omitempty"` // ServiceAccount specifies the service account which is running the workload. ServiceAccount string `json:"SERVICE_ACCOUNT,omitempty"` // RouterMode indicates whether the proxy is functioning as a SNI-DNAT router // processing the AUTO_PASSTHROUGH gateway servers RouterMode string `json:"ROUTER_MODE,omitempty"` // MeshID specifies the mesh ID environment variable. MeshID string `json:"MESH_ID,omitempty"` // ClusterID defines the cluster the node belongs to. ClusterID string `json:"CLUSTER_ID,omitempty"` // Network defines the network the node belongs to. It is an optional metadata, // set at injection time. When set, the Endpoints returned to a note and not on same network // will be replaced with the gateway defined in the settings. Network string `json:"NETWORK,omitempty"` // RequestedNetworkView specifies the networks that the proxy wants to see RequestedNetworkView StringList `json:"REQUESTED_NETWORK_VIEW,omitempty"` // PodPorts defines the ports on a pod. This is used to lookup named ports. PodPorts PodPortList `json:"POD_PORTS,omitempty"` // TLSServerCertChain is the absolute path to server cert-chain file TLSServerCertChain string `json:"TLS_SERVER_CERT_CHAIN,omitempty"` // TLSServerKey is the absolute path to server private key file TLSServerKey string `json:"TLS_SERVER_KEY,omitempty"` // TLSServerRootCert is the absolute path to server root cert file TLSServerRootCert string `json:"TLS_SERVER_ROOT_CERT,omitempty"` // TLSClientCertChain is the absolute path to client cert-chain file TLSClientCertChain string `json:"TLS_CLIENT_CERT_CHAIN,omitempty"` // TLSClientKey is the absolute path to client private key file TLSClientKey string `json:"TLS_CLIENT_KEY,omitempty"` // TLSClientRootCert is the absolute path to client root cert file TLSClientRootCert string `json:"TLS_CLIENT_ROOT_CERT,omitempty"` CertBaseDir string `json:"BASE,omitempty"` // IdleTimeout specifies the idle timeout for the proxy, in duration format (10s). // If not set, no timeout is set. IdleTimeout string `json:"IDLE_TIMEOUT,omitempty"` // HTTP10 indicates the application behind the sidecar is making outbound http requests with HTTP/1.0 // protocol. It will enable the "AcceptHttp_10" option on the http options for outbound HTTP listeners. // Alpha in 1.1, based on feedback may be turned into an API or change. Set to "1" to enable. HTTP10 string `json:"HTTP10,omitempty"` // Generator indicates the client wants to use a custom Generator plugin. Generator string `json:"GENERATOR,omitempty"` // DNSCapture indicates whether the workload has enabled dns capture DNSCapture string `json:"DNS_CAPTURE,omitempty"` // ProxyXDSViaAgent indicates that xds data is being proxied via the agent ProxyXDSViaAgent string `json:"PROXY_XDS_VIA_AGENT,omitempty"` // Contains a copy of the raw metadata. This is needed to lookup arbitrary values. // If a value is known ahead of time it should be added to the struct rather than reading from here, Raw map[string]interface{} `json:"-"` }Istio通过一些特定的TCP属性来启用TCP策略和控制(这些属性由Envoy代理生成)，并通过Envoy的Node Metadata来获取这些属性。Envoy使用ALPN隧道和基于前缀的协议来转发Node Metadata到对端的Envoy。Istio定义了一个新的协议
istio-peer-exchange，由网格中的客户端和服务端的sidecar在TLS协商时进行宣告并确定优先级。启用istio代理的两端会通过ALPN协商将协议解析为istio-peer-exchange(因此仅限于istio服务网格内的交互)，后续的TCP交互将会按照istio-peer-exchange的协议规则进行交互：
使用如下命令可以看到cluster
BlackHoleCluster是没有endpoint的。# istioctl pc endpoint sleep-856d589c9b-x6szk.default --cluster BlackHoleCluster ENDPOINT STATUS OUTLIER CHECK CLUSTER如下内容参考官方博客：
对于外部服务，Istio提供了两种管理方式：通过将
global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode设置为REGISTRY_ONLY来block所有到外部服务的访问；以及通过将global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode设置为ALLOW_ANY来允许所有到外部服务的访问。默认会允许所有到外部服务的访问。BlackHoleCluster ：当
global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode设置为REGISTRY_ONLY时，Envoy会创建一个虚拟的cluster BlackHoleCluster。该模式下，所有到外部服务的访问都会被block(除非为每个服务添加service entries)。为了实现该功能，默认的outbound listener(监听地址为0.0.0.0:15001)使用原始目的地来设置TCP代理，BlackHoleCluster作为一个静态cluster。由于BlackHoleCluster没有任何endpoint，因此会丢弃所有到外部的流量。此外，Istio会为平台服务的每个端口/协议组合创建唯一的listener，如果对同一端口的外部服务发起请求，则不会命中虚拟listener。这种情况会对route配置进行扩展，添加到BlackHoleCluster的路由。如果没有匹配到其他路由，则Envoy代理会直接返回502 HTTP状态码(BlackHoleCluster可以看作是路由黑洞)。{ "name": "block_all", "domains": [ "*" ], "routes": [ { "match": { "prefix": "/" }, "direct_response": { "status": 502 }, "name": "block_all" } ], "include_request_attempt_count": true },PassthroughCluster：可以看到PassthroughCluster也使用了
istio-peer-exchange协议来处理TCP。"cluster": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster", "name": "PassthroughCluster", "type": "ORIGINAL_DST", /* 指定type为ORIGINAL_DST，这是一个特殊的cluster */ "connect_timeout": "10s", "lb_policy": "CLUSTER_PROVIDED", "circuit_breakers": { "thresholds": [ { "max_connections": 4294967295, "max_pending_requests": 4294967295, "max_requests": 4294967295, "max_retries": 4294967295 } ] }, "protocol_selection": "USE_DOWNSTREAM_PROTOCOL", "filters": [ { "name": "istio.metadata_exchange", /* 配置使用ALPN istio-peer-exchange协议来交换Node Metadata */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.tcp.metadataexchange.config.MetadataExchange", "value": { "protocol": "istio-peer-exchange" } } } ] },使用如下命令可以看到cluster
PassthroughCluster是没有endpoint的。# istioctl pc endpoint sleep-856d589c9b-x6szk.default --cluster PassthroughCluster ENDPOINT STATUS OUTLIER CHECK CLUSTERPassthroughCluster ：当
global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode设置为ALLOW_ANY时，Envoy会创建一个虚拟的clusterPassthroughCluster。该模式下，会允许所有到外部服务的访问。为了实现该功能，默认的outbound listener(监听地址为0.0.0.0:15001)使用SO_ORIGINAL_DST来配置TCP Proxy，PassthroughCluster作为一个静态cluster。PassthroughClustercluster使用原始目的地负载均衡策略来配置Envoy发送到原始目的地的流量。与
BlackHoleCluster类似，对于每个基于端口/协议的listener，都会添加虚拟路由，将PassthroughCluster作为为默认路由。{ "name": "allow_any", "domains": [ "*" ], "routes": [ { "match": { "prefix": "/" }, "route": { "cluster": "PassthroughCluster", "timeout": "0s", "max_grpc_timeout": "0s" }, "name": "allow_any" } ], "include_request_attempt_count": true },由于
global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode只能配置某一个值，因此BlackHoleCluster和PassthroughCluster的出现是互斥的，BlackHoleCluster和PassthroughCluster的路由仅存在istio服务网格内，即注入sidecar的pod中。可以使用Prometheus metrics来监控到
BlackHoleCluster和PassthroughCluster的访问。inbound cluster：处理入站请求的cluster，对于下面的sleep应用来说，其只有一个本地后端
127.0.0.1:80，并通过load_assignment指定了cluster名称和负载信息。由于该监听器上的流量不会出战，因此下面并没有配置过滤器。"cluster": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster", "name": "inbound|80|http|sleep.default.svc.cluster.local", "type": "STATIC", "connect_timeout": "10s", "circuit_breakers": { "thresholds": [ { "max_connections": 4294967295, "max_pending_requests": 4294967295, "max_requests": 4294967295, "max_retries": 4294967295 } ] }, "load_assignment": { /* 设置入站的cluster的endpoint的负载均衡 */ "cluster_name": "inbound|80|http|sleep.default.svc.cluster.local", "endpoints": [ { "lb_endpoints": [ { "endpoint": { "address": { "socket_address": { "address": "127.0.0.1", "port_value": 80 } } } } ] } ] } },也可以使用如下命令查看inbound的cluster信息：
# istioctl pc cluster sleep-856d589c9b-c6xsm.default --direction inbound SERVICE FQDN PORT SUBSET DIRECTION TYPE DESTINATION RULE sleep.default.svc.cluster.local 80 http inbound STATICoutbound cluster：这类cluster为Envoy节点外的服务，配置如何连接上游。下面的EDS表示该cluster的endpoint来自EDS服务发现。下面给出的outbound cluster是istiod的15012端口上的服务。基本结构如下，
transport_socket_matches仅在使用TLS才会出现，用于配置与TLS证书相关的信息。可以使用
istioctl pc endpoint查看EDS的内容
# istioctl pc endpoint sleep-856d589c9b-rn7dw.default --cluster "outbound|15012||istiod.istio-system.svc.cluster.local" ENDPOINT STATUS OUTLIER CHECK CLUSTER 10.80.3.141:15012 HEALTHY OK outbound|15012||istiod.istio-system.svc.cluster.local
具体内容如下：
{ "version_info": "2020-09-15T08:05:54Z/4", "cluster": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster", "name": "outbound|15012||istiod.istio-system.svc.cluster.local", "type": "EDS", "eds_cluster_config": { /* EDS的配置 */ "eds_config": { "ads": {}, "resource_api_version": "V3" }, "service_name": "outbound|15012||istiod.istio-system.svc.cluster.local" /* EDS的cluster的可替代名称，无需与cluster名称完全相同 */ }, "connect_timeout": "10s", "circuit_breakers": { /* 断路器设置 */ "thresholds": [ { "max_connections": 4294967295, "max_pending_requests": 4294967295, "max_requests": 4294967295, "max_retries": 4294967295 } ] }, "filters": [ /* 设置Node Metadata交互使用的协议为istio-peer-exchange */ { "name": "istio.metadata_exchange", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.tcp.metadataexchange.config.MetadataExchange", "value": { "protocol": "istio-peer-exchange" } } } ], "transport_socket_matches": [ /* 指定匹配的后端使用的带TLS的传输socket */ { "name": "tlsMode-istio", /* match的名称 */ "match": { /* 匹配后端的条件，注入istio sidecar的pod会打上标签：security.istio.io/tlsMode=istio */ "tlsMode": "istio" }, "transport_socket": { /* 匹配cluster的后端使用的传输socket的配置 */ "name": "envoy.transport_sockets.tls", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.UpstreamTlsContext", "common_tls_context": { /* 配置client和server端使用的TLS上下文 */ "alpn_protocols": [ /* 配置交互使用的ALPN协议集，供上游选择 */ "istio-peer-exchange", "istio" ], "tls_certificate_sds_secret_configs": [ /* 通过SDS API获取TLS证书的配置 */ { "name": "default", "sds_config": { "api_config_source": { "api_type": "GRPC", "grpc_services": [ /* SDS的cluster */ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" /* 为上面静态配置的cluster */ } } ], "transport_api_version": "V3" }, "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "resource_api_version": "V3" } } ], "combined_validation_context": { /* 包含一个CertificateValidationContext(即下面的default_validation_context)和SDS配置。当SDS服务返回动态的CertificateValidationContext时，动态和默认的CertificateValidationContext会合并为一个新的CertificateValidationContext来进行校验 */ "default_validation_context": { /* 配置如何认证对端istiod服务的证书 */ "match_subject_alt_names": [ /* Envoy会按照如下配置来校验证书中的SAN */ { "exact": "spiffe://new-td/ns/istio-system/sa/istiod-service-account" /* Istio数据面使用serviceaccount进行授权 */ } ] }, "validation_context_sds_secret_config": { /* SDS配置，也是通过静态的cluster sds-grpc提供SDS API服务 */ "name": "ROOTCA", /* 用于认证对端的CA证书， */ "sds_config": { "api_config_source": { "api_type": "GRPC", "grpc_services": [ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" /* 获取该CA证书的SDS服务器 */ } } ], "transport_api_version": "V3" }, "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "resource_api_version": "V3" } } } }, "sni": "outbound_.15012_._.istiod.istio-system.svc.cluster.local" /* 创建TLS连接时使用的SNI字符串，即TLS的server_name扩展字段中的值 */ } } }, { "name": "tlsMode-disabled", /* 如果与没有匹配到的后端(即istio服务网格外的后端)进行通信时，则使用明文方式 */ "match": {}, "transport_socket": { "name": "envoy.transport_sockets.raw_buffer" } } ] }, "last_updated": "2020-09-15T08:06:23.565Z" },Listeners：Envoy使用listener来接收并处理下游发来的请求。与cluster类似，listener也分为静态和动态两种配置。静态配置来自Istio-agent生成的
envoy-rev0.json文件。动态配置为：virtualOutbound Listener：Istio在注入sidecar时，会通过init容器来设置iptables规则，将所有出站的TCP流量拦截到本地的
15001端口：-A ISTIO_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-ports 15001一个istio-agent配置中仅包含一个virtualOutbound listener，可以看到该listener并没有配置
transport_socket，它的下游流量就是来自本pod的业务容器，并不需要进行TLS校验，直接将流量重定向到15001端口即可，然后转发给和原始目的IP:Port匹配的listener。{ "name": "virtualOutbound", "active_state": { "version_info": "2020-09-15T08:05:54Z/4", "listener": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener", "name": "virtualOutbound", "address": { /* 监听器监听的地址 */ "socket_address": { "address": "0.0.0.0", "port_value": 15001 } }, "filter_chains": [ /* 应用到该监听器的过滤器链 */ { "filters": [ /* 与该监听器建立连接时使用的过滤器，按顺序处理各个过滤器。如果过滤器列表为空，则默认会关闭连接 */ { "name": "istio.stats", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.wasm.v3.Wasm", "value": { "config": { /* Wasm插件配置 */ "root_id": "stats_outbound", /* 一个VM中具有相同root_id的一组filters/services会共享相同的RootContext和Contexts，如果该字段为空，所有该字段为空的filters/services都会共享具有相同vm_id的Context(s) */ "vm_config": { /* Wasm VM的配置 */ "vm_id": "tcp_stats_outbound", /* 使用相同vm_id和code将使用相同的VM */ "runtime": "envoy.wasm.runtime.null", /* Wasm运行时，v8或null */ "code": { "local": { "inline_string": "envoy.wasm.stats" } } }, "configuration": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.protobuf.StringValue", "value": "{ "debug": "false", "stat_prefix": "istio" } " } } } } }, { "name": "envoy.tcp_proxy", /* 处理TCP的过滤器 */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.tcp_proxy.v3.TcpProxy", "stat_prefix": "PassthroughCluster", "cluster": "PassthroughCluster", /* 连接的上游cluster */ "access_log": [ { "name": "envoy.file_access_log", "typed_config": { /* 配置日志的输出格式和路径 */ "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.access_loggers.file.v3.FileAccessLog", "path": "/dev/stdout", "format": "[%START_TIME%] "%REQ(:METHOD)% %REQ(X-ENVOY-ORIGINAL-PATH?:PATH)% %PROTOCOL%" %RESPONSE_CODE% %RESPONSE_FLAGS% "%DYNAMIC_METADATA(istio.mixer:status)%" "%UPSTREAM_TRANSPORT_FAILURE_REASON%" %BYTES_RECEIVED% %BYTES_SENT% %DURATION% %RESP(X-ENVOY-UPSTREAM-SERVICE-TIME)% "%REQ(X-FORWARDED-FOR)%" "%REQ(USER-AGENT)%" "%REQ(X-REQUEST-ID)%" "%REQ(:AUTHORITY)%" "%UPSTREAM_HOST%" %UPSTREAM_CLUSTER% %UPSTREAM_LOCAL_ADDRESS% %DOWNSTREAM_LOCAL_ADDRESS% %DOWNSTREAM_REMOTE_ADDRESS% %REQUESTED_SERVER_NAME% %ROUTE_NAME% " } } ] } } ], "name": "virtualOutbound-catchall-tcp" } ], "hidden_envoy_deprecated_use_original_dst": true, "traffic_direction": "OUTBOUND" }, "last_updated": "2020-09-15T08:06:24.066Z" } },上面
envoy.tcp_proxy过滤器的cluster为PassthroughCluster，这是因为将global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode设置为了ALLOW_ANY，默认可以访问外部服务。如果global.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode设置为了REGISTRY_ONLY，则此处将变为clusterBlackHoleCluster，默认丢弃所有到外部服务的请求。上面使用wasm(WebAssembly)来记录遥测信息，Envoy官方文档中目前缺少对wasm的描述，可以参考开源代码的描述。从runtime字段为
null可以看到并没有启用。可以在安装istio的时候使用如下参数来启用基于Wasm的遥测。$ istioctl install --set values.telemetry.v2.metadataExchange.wasmEnabled=true --set values.telemetry.v2.prometheus.wasmEnabled=true启用之后，与wasm有关的用于遥测的过滤器配置变为了如下内容，可以看到其runtime使用了envoy.wasm.runtime.v8。更多参见官方博客。
{ "name": "istio.stats", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.wasm.v3.Wasm", "value": { "config": { "root_id": "stats_outbound", "vm_config": { /* wasm虚拟机配置 */ "vm_id": "tcp_stats_outbound", "runtime": "envoy.wasm.runtime.v8", /* 使用的wasm runtime */ "code": { "local": { "filename": "/etc/istio/extensions/stats-filter.compiled.wasm" /* 编译后的wasm插件路径 */ } }, "allow_precompiled": true }, "configuration": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.protobuf.StringValue", "value": "{ "debug": "false", "stat_prefix": "istio" } " } } } } },在istio-proxy容器的
/etc/istio/extensions/目录下可以看到wasm编译的相关程序，包含用于交换Node Metadata的metadata-exchange-filter.wasm和用于遥测的stats-filter.wasm，带compiled的wasm用于HTTP。$ ls metadata-exchange-filter.compiled.wasm metadata-exchange-filter.wasm stats-filter.compiled.wasm stats-filter.wasmIstio的filter处理示意图如下：
VirtualInbound/Inbound Listener：与virtualOutbound listener类似，通过如下规则将所有入站的TCP流量重定向到15006端口
-A ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-ports 15006下面是一个demo环境中的典型配置，可以看到对于每个监听的地址，都配置了两个过滤器：一个带
transport_socket，一个不带transport_socket，分别处理使用TLS的连接和不使用TLS的连接。主要的入站监听器为：- 处理基于IPv4的带TLS 的TCP连接
- 处理基于IPv4的不带TLS 的TCP连接
- 处理基于IPv6的带TLS 的TCP连接
- 处理基于IPv6的不带TLS 的TCP连接
- 处理基于IPv4的带TLS 的HTTP连接
- 处理基于IPv4的不带TLS 的HTTP连接
- 处理基于IPv6的带TLS 的HTTP连接
- 处理基于IPv6的不带TLS 的HTTP连接
- 处理业务的带TLS(不带TLS)的连接
下面给出如下内容的inbound listener：
- 处理基于IPv4的带TLS 的TCP连接
- 处理基于IPv4的不带TLS 的TCP连接
- 处理业务的带TLS的连接
{ "name": "virtualInbound", "active_state": { "version_info": "2020-09-15T08:05:54Z/4", "listener": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener", "name": "virtualInbound", "address": { /* 该listener绑定的地址和端口 */ "socket_address": { "address": "0.0.0.0", "port_value": 15006 } }, "filter_chains": [ /* 匹配所有IPV4地址，使用TLS且ALPN为istio-peer-exchange或istio的连接 */ { "filter_chain_match": { /* 将连接匹配到该过滤器链时使用的标准 */ "prefix_ranges": [ /* 当listener绑定到0.0.0.0/::时匹配的IP地址和前缀长度，下面表示整个网络地址 */ { "address_prefix": "0.0.0.0", "prefix_len": 0 } ], "transport_protocol": "tls", /* 匹配的传输协议 */ "application_protocols": [ /* 使用的ALPN */ "istio-peer-exchange", "istio" ] }, "filters": [ { "name": "istio.metadata_exchange", /* 交换Node Metadata的配置 */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.tcp.metadataexchange.config.MetadataExchange", "value": { "protocol": "istio-peer-exchange" } } }, { "name": "istio.stats", /* 使用wasm进行遥测的配置 */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.wasm.v3.Wasm", "value": { "config": { "root_id": "stats_inbound", "vm_config": { "vm_id": "tcp_stats_inbound", "runtime": "envoy.wasm.runtime.null", "code": { "local": { "inline_string": "envoy.wasm.stats" } } }, "configuration": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.protobuf.StringValue", "value": "{ "debug": "false", "stat_prefix": "istio" } " } } } } }, { "name": "envoy.tcp_proxy", /* 配置连接上游cluster InboundPassthroughClusterIpv4时的访问日志，InboundPassthroughClusterIpv4 cluster用于处理基于IPv4的HTTP */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.tcp_proxy.v3.TcpProxy", "stat_prefix": "InboundPassthroughClusterIpv4", "cluster": "InboundPassthroughClusterIpv4", "access_log": [ { "name": "envoy.file_access_log", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.access_loggers.file.v3.FileAccessLog", "path": "/dev/stdout", "format": "[%START_TIME%] "%REQ(:METHOD)% %REQ(X-ENVOY-ORIGINAL-PATH?:PATH)% %PROTOCOL%" %RESPONSE_CODE% %RESPONSE_FLAGS% "%DYNAMIC_METADATA(istio.mixer:status)%" "%UPSTREAM_TRANSPORT_FAILURE_REASON%" %BYTES_RECEIVED% %BYTES_SENT% %DURATION% %RESP(X-ENVOY-UPSTREAM-SERVICE-TIME)% "%REQ(X-FORWARDED-FOR)%" "%REQ(USER-AGENT)%" "%REQ(X-REQUEST-ID)%" "%REQ(:AUTHORITY)%" "%UPSTREAM_HOST%" %UPSTREAM_CLUSTER% %UPSTREAM_LOCAL_ADDRESS% %DOWNSTREAM_LOCAL_ADDRESS% %DOWNSTREAM_REMOTE_ADDRESS% %REQUESTED_SERVER_NAME% %ROUTE_NAME% " } } ] } } ], "transport_socket": { /* 匹配TLS的传输socket */ "name": "envoy.transport_sockets.tls", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.DownstreamTlsContext", "common_tls_context": { "alpn_protocols": [ /* 监听器使用的ALPN列表 */ "istio-peer-exchange", "h2", "http/1.1" ], "tls_certificate_sds_secret_configs": [ /* 通过SDS API获取证书的配置 */ { "name": "default", "sds_config": { "api_config_source": { "api_type": "GRPC", "grpc_services": [ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" } } ], "transport_api_version": "V3" }, "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "resource_api_version": "V3" } } ], "combined_validation_context": { "default_validation_context": { /* 对对端的证书的SAN进行认证 */ "match_subject_alt_names": [ { "prefix": "spiffe://new-td/" }, { "prefix": "spiffe://old-td/" } ] }, "validation_context_sds_secret_config": { /* 配置通过SDS API获取证书 */ "name": "ROOTCA", "sds_config": { "api_config_source": { "api_type": "GRPC", "grpc_services": [ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" } } ], "transport_api_version": "V3" }, "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "resource_api_version": "V3" } } } }, "require_client_certificate": true } }, "name": "virtualInbound" }, /* 与上面不同的是，此处匹配不带TLS的连接 */ { "filter_chain_match": { "prefix_ranges": [ { "address_prefix": "0.0.0.0", "prefix_len": 0 } ] }, "filters": [ { "name": "istio.metadata_exchange", ... }, { "name": "istio.stats", ... }, { "name": "envoy.tcp_proxy", ... } ], "name": "virtualInbound" }, ... /* 应用的监听器，监听端口为HTTP 80端口 */ { "filter_chain_match": { "destination_port": 80, /* 匹配的请求的目的端口 */ "application_protocols": [ /* 匹配的ALPN，仅在使用TLS时使用 */ "istio", "istio-http/1.0", "istio-http/1.1", "istio-h2" ] }, "filters": [ { "name": "istio.metadata_exchange", /* 交换Node Metadata的配置 */ ... }, { "name": "envoy.http_connection_manager", /* HTTP连接管理过滤器 */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager", "stat_prefix": "inbound_0.0.0.0_80", "route_config": { /* 静态路由表 */ "name": "inbound|80|http|sleep.default.svc.cluster.local", /* 路由配置的名称 */ "virtual_hosts": [ /* 构成路由表的虚拟主机列表 */ { "name": "inbound|http|80", /* 构成路由表的虚拟主机名 */ "domains": [ /* 匹配到该虚拟主机的域列表 */ "*" ], "routes": [ /* 对入站请求的路由，将路径为"/"的HTTP请求路由到cluster inbound|80|http|sleep.default.svc.cluster.local*/ { "match": { "prefix": "/" }, "route": { "cluster": "inbound|80|http|sleep.default.svc.cluster.local", "timeout": "0s", "max_grpc_timeout": "0s" }, "decorator": { "operation": "sleep.default.svc.cluster.local:80/*" }, "name": "default" /* 路由的名称 */ } ] } ], "validate_clusters": false }, "http_filters": [ /* HTTP连接过滤器链 */ { "name": "istio.metadata_exchange", /* 基于HTTP的Metadata的交换配置 */ ... }, { "name": "istio_authn", /* istio的mTLS的默认值 */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/istio.envoy.config.filter.http.authn.v2alpha1.FilterConfig", "policy": { "peers": [ { "mtls": { "mode": "PERMISSIVE" } } ] }, "skip_validate_trust_domain": true } }, { "name": "envoy.filters.http.cors", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.cors.v3.Cors" } }, { "name": "envoy.fault", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.fault.v3.HTTPFault" } }, { "name": "istio.stats", /* 基于HTTP的遥测配置 */ ... }, { "name": "envoy.router", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.router.v3.Router" } } ], "tracing": { "client_sampling": { "value": 100 }, "random_sampling": { "value": 1 }, "overall_sampling": { "value": 100 } }, "server_name": "istio-envoy", /* 设置访问日志格式 */ "access_log": [ { "name": "envoy.file_access_log", ... } ], "use_remote_address": false, "generate_request_id": true, "forward_client_cert_details": "APPEND_FORWARD", "set_current_client_cert_details": { "subject": true, "dns": true, "uri": true }, "upgrade_configs": [ { "upgrade_type": "websocket" } ], "stream_idle_timeout": "0s", "normalize_path": true } } ], "transport_socket": { /* TLS传输socket配置 */ "name": "envoy.transport_sockets.tls", ... }, "name": "0.0.0.0_80" },Outbound listener: 下面是到Prometheus服务9092端口的outbound listener。
10.84.30.227为Prometheus的k8s service地址，指定了后端的clusteroutbound|9092||prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local。route_config_name字段指定了该listener使用的routeprometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local:9092。{ "name": "10.84.30.227_9092", "active_state": { "version_info": "2020-09-15T08:05:54Z/4", "listener": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener", "name": "10.84.30.227_9092", "address": { "socket_address": { "address": "10.84.30.227", "port_value": 9092 } }, "filter_chains": [ { "filters": [ { "name": "istio.stats", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.wasm.v3.Wasm", ... } }, { "name": "envoy.tcp_proxy",/* TCP过滤器设置，设置连接到对应cluster的日志格式 */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.tcp_proxy.v3.TcpProxy", "stat_prefix": "outbound|9092||prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local", "cluster": "outbound|9092||prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local", "access_log": [ ... ] } } ] }, { "filter_chain_match": { "application_protocols": [ "http/1.0", "http/1.1", "h2c" ] }, "filters": [ { "name": "envoy.http_connection_manager", /* 配置HTTP连接 */ "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager", "stat_prefix": "outbound_10.84.30.227_9092", "rds": { /* RDS接口配置 */ "config_source": { "ads": {}, "resource_api_version": "V3" }, "route_config_name": "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local:9092" /* 指定路由配置 */ }, "http_filters": [ { "name": "istio.metadata_exchange", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.wasm.v3.Wasm", ... } }, { "name": "istio.alpn", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/istio.envoy.config.filter.http.alpn.v2alpha1.FilterConfig", "alpn_override": [ { "alpn_override": [ "istio-http/1.0", "istio" ] }, { "upstream_protocol": "HTTP11", "alpn_override": [ "istio-http/1.1", "istio" ] }, { "upstream_protocol": "HTTP2", "alpn_override": [ "istio-h2", "istio" ] } ] } }, { "name": "envoy.filters.http.cors", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.cors.v3.Cors" } }, { "name": "envoy.fault", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.fault.v3.HTTPFault" } }, { "name": "istio.stats", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct", "type_url": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.wasm.v3.Wasm", ... } }, { "name": "envoy.router", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.router.v3.Router" } } ], "tracing": { ... }, "access_log": [ { "name": "envoy.file_access_log", ... } } ], "use_remote_address": false, "generate_request_id": true, "upgrade_configs": [ { "upgrade_type": "websocket" } ], "stream_idle_timeout": "0s", "normalize_path": true } } ] } ], "deprecated_v1": { "bind_to_port": false }, "listener_filters": [ { "name": "envoy.listener.tls_inspector", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.listener.tls_inspector.v3.TlsInspector" } }, { "name": "envoy.listener.http_inspector", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.listener.http_inspector.v3.HttpInspector" } } ], "listener_filters_timeout": "5s", "traffic_direction": "OUTBOUND", "continue_on_listener_filters_timeout": true }, "last_updated": "2020-09-15T08:06:23.989Z" } },从上面的配置可以看出，路由配置位于HttpConnectionManager类型中，因此如果某个listener没有用到HTTP，则不会有对应的route。如下面的istiod15012端口上的服务，提供了基于gRPC协议的XDP和CA的服务(使用TLS)。
{ "name": "10.84.251.157_15012", "active_state": { "version_info": "2020-09-16T07:48:42Z/22", "listener": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener", "name": "10.84.251.157_15012", "address": { "socket_address": { "address": "10.84.251.157", "port_value": 15012 } }, "filter_chains": [ { "filters": [ { "name": "istio.stats", ... }, { "name": "envoy.tcp_proxy", "typed_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.tcp_proxy.v3.TcpProxy", "stat_prefix": "outbound|15012||istiod.istio-system.svc.cluster.local", "cluster": "outbound|15012||istiod.istio-system.svc.cluster.local", "access_log": [ ... ] } } ] } ], "deprecated_v1": { "bind_to_port": false }, "traffic_direction": "OUTBOUND" }, "last_updated": "2020-09-16T07:49:34.134Z" } },Route：Istio的route也分为静态配置和动态配置。静态路由配置与静态监听器，以及inbound 动态监听器中设置的静态路由配置(
envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager中的route_config)有关。下面看一个与Prometheus 9092端口提供的服务有关的动态路由，路由配置名称route_config.name与上面Prometheus outbound监听器
route_config_name字段指定的值是相同的。{ "version_info": "2020-09-16T07:48:42Z/22", "route_config": { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.route.v3.RouteConfiguration", "name": "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local:9092", "virtual_hosts": [ { "name": "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local:9092", "domains": [ "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local", "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local:9092", "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring", "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring:9092", "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster", "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster:9092", "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc", "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc:9092", "10.84.30.227", "10.84.30.227:9092" ], "routes": [ { "match": { "prefix": "/" }, "route": { /* 路由到的后端cluster */ "cluster": "outbound|9092||prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local", "timeout": "0s", "retry_policy": { "retry_on": "connect-failure,refused-stream,unavailable,cancelled,retriable-status-codes", "num_retries": 2, "retry_host_predicate": [ { "name": "envoy.retry_host_predicates.previous_hosts" } ], "host_selection_retry_max_attempts": "5", "retriable_status_codes": [ 503 ] }, "max_grpc_timeout": "0s" }, "decorator": { "operation": "prometheus-k8s.openshift-monitoring.svc.cluster.local:9092/*" }, "name": "default" } ], "include_request_attempt_count": true } ], "validate_clusters": false }, "last_updated": "2020-09-16T07:49:52.551Z" },
整个访问流程简单可以视为：
Inbound请求：
+----------+ +-----------------------+ +-----------------+ +----------+ | iptables +--->+ virtualInbound:15006 +--->+ Inbound Cluster +--->+ endpoint | +----------+ +-----------------------+ +-----------------+ +----------+出站请求：
+----------+ +-----------------------+ +-------------------+ | iptables +--->+ virtualOutbound：105001+--->+ Outbound Listener +---+ +----------+ +-----------------------+ +-------------------+ | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-------+ +-----------------+ +----------+ +---->+ route +--->+Outbound Cluster +--->+ endpoint | +-------+ +-----------------+ +----------+
更多内容可以参考Envoy的官方文档
下面是基于Istio官方BookInfo的一个访问流程图，可以帮助理解整个流程。
SDS
下图来自这篇文章
SDS会动态下发两个证书：default和ROOTCA。前者表示本服务使用的证书，证书中的SAN使用了该服务对应的命名空间下的serviceaccount；后者为集群的CA，通过将configmap istio-ca-root-cert挂载到服务的pod中，它与istio-system命名空间中的secret istio-ca-secret相同，可以用于认证各个服务的证书(default)。因此不同的服务使用的default证书是不同的，但使用的ROOTCA证书是相同的。
{
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.admin.v3.SecretsConfigDump",
"dynamic_active_secrets": [
{
"name": "default",
"version_info": "09-21 20:10:52.178",
"last_updated": "2020-09-21T20:10:52.446Z",
"secret": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.Secret",
"name": "default", /* 服务使用的证书 */
"tls_certificate": {
"certificate_chain": {
"inline_bytes": "LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBDRVJUSUZJQ0FURS0tLS0tCk1JS..."
},
"private_key": {
"inline_bytes": "W3JlZGFjdGVkXQ=="
}
}
}
},
{
"name": "ROOTCA",
"version_info": "2020-09-15 08:05:53.174860205 +0000 UTC m=+1.073140142",
"last_updated": "2020-09-15T08:05:53.275Z",
"secret": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.Secret",
"name": "ROOTCA", /* 验证服务证书使用的CA证书 */
"validation_context": {
"trusted_ca": {
"inline_bytes": "LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBDRVJUSUZJQ0FURS0tLS0t..."
}
}
}
}
]
}
将default证书导出，查看该证书，可以看到其使用的SAN为spiffe://new-td/ns/default/sa/sleep，用到了default命名空间下的serviceaccount sleep，提供了该服务的身份标识。
# openssl x509 -in ca-chain.crt -noout -text
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
37:31:36:d4:25:64:18:10:27:47:75:79:6c:ff:21:3a
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: O=cluster.local
Validity
Not Before: Sep 21 08:34:33 2020 GMT
Not After : Sep 22 08:34:33 2020 GMT
Subject:
Subject Public Key Info:
...
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: critical
URI:spiffe://new-td/ns/default/sa/sleep
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
...
到处default和ROOTCA证书，分别对应下面的pod.crt和root-cat.crt，可以看到，能够使用ROOTCA来验证default。
# openssl verify -CAfile root-ca.crt pod.crt
ca-chain.crt: OK
在 Istio的sidecar配置中，有两处需要通过 SDS 来配置证书：
Inbound Listener：Inbound Listener用于接收来自下游的连接，在
DownstreamTlsContext中配置了对下游连接的认证。其指定了用于验证下游连接的ROOTCA证书。match_subject_alt_names中指定的通配SAN是因为在安装Istio时通过参数values.global.trustDomain指定了信任域。"common_tls_context": { "alpn_protocols": [ "istio-peer-exchange", "h2", "http/1.1" ], "tls_certificate_sds_secret_configs": [ { "name": "default", /* 服务器使用的证书名称，由SDS下发 */ "sds_config": { "api_config_source": { "api_type": "GRPC", "grpc_services": [ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" } } ], "transport_api_version": "V3" }, "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "resource_api_version": "V3" } } ], "combined_validation_context": { "default_validation_context": { "match_subject_alt_names": [ /* 指定的信任域 */ { "prefix": "spiffe://new-td/" }, { "prefix": "spiffe://old-td/" } ] }, "validation_context_sds_secret_config": { "name": "ROOTCA", /* 用于认证下游连接的CA证书 */ "sds_config": { "api_config_source": { "api_type": "GRPC", "grpc_services": [ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" } } ], "transport_api_version": "V3" }, "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "resource_api_version": "V3" } } } },Outbound Cluster：outbound cluster(下例为
outbound|80||sleep.default.svc.cluster.local)作为下游配置，也需要对服务端的证书进行验证。其UpstreamTlsContext中的配置如下。由于上有服务为sleep.default.svc.cluster.local，因此在match_subject_alt_names字段中指定了验证的服务端的SAN。"common_tls_context": { "alpn_protocols": [ "istio-peer-exchange", "istio" ], "tls_certificate_sds_secret_configs": [ { "name": "default", "sds_config": { "api_config_source": { "api_type": "GRPC", "grpc_services": [ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" } } ], "transport_api_version": "V3" }, "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "resource_api_version": "V3" } } ], "combined_validation_context": { "default_validation_context": { "match_subject_alt_names": [ /* 上游服务使用的证书中的SAN */ { "exact": "spiffe://new-td/ns/default/sa/sleep" } ] }, "validation_context_sds_secret_config": { "name": "ROOTCA", "sds_config": { "api_config_source": { "api_type": "GRPC", "grpc_services": [ { "envoy_grpc": { "cluster_name": "sds-grpc" } } ], "transport_api_version": "V3" }, "initial_fetch_timeout": "0s", "resource_api_version": "V3" } } } },
可以看到，作为服务端，仅需要使用ROOTCA证书对客户端进行证书校验即可(如果没有指定信任域)；作为客户端，需要使用ROOTCA证书对服务端证书进行校验，也需要对服务端使用的证书中的SAN进行校验。
gateway上，如果需要针对服务网格外部的服务进行TLS双向认证，可以参考Traffic Management。