视图家族之视图工具集viewsets

一、视图集ViewSet

使用视图集ViewSet，可以将一系列逻辑相关的动作放到一个类中：

• list() 提供一组数据
• retrieve() 提供单个数据
• create() 创建数据
• update() 保存数据
• destory() 删除数据

ViewSet视图集类不再实现get()、post()等方法，而是通过重写as_view函数进行映射实现动作 action 如 list() 、create() 等。

视图集只在使用as_view()方法的时候，才会将action动作与具体请求方式对应上。如：

# 视图工具集
from rest_framework import viewsets
class BookInfoViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):

    def list(self, request):
        books = BookInfo.objects.all()
        serializer = BookInfoSerializer(books, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):
        try:
            books = BookInfo.objects.get(id=pk)
        except BookInfo.DoesNotExist:
            return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
        serializer = BookInfoSerializer(books)
        return Response(serializer.data)

在设置路由时，我们可以如下操作

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^books/$', BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get':'list'}),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>d+)/$', BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})
]

常用视图集父类

1） ViewSet

继承自APIView与ViewSetMixin，作用也与APIView基本类似，提供了身份认证、权限校验、流量管理等。

ViewSet主要通过继承ViewSetMixin来实现在调用as_view()时传入字典（如{'get':'list'}）的映射处理工作。

在ViewSet中，没有提供任何动作action方法，需要我们自己实现action方法。

2）GenericViewSet

使用ViewSet通常并不方便，因为list、retrieve、create、update、destory等方法都需要自己编写，而这些方法与前面讲过的Mixin扩展类提供的方法同名，所以我们可以通过继承Mixin扩展类来复用这些方法而无需自己编写。但是Mixin扩展类依赖与GenericAPIView，所以还需要继承GenericAPIView。

GenericViewSet就帮助我们完成了这样的继承工作，继承自GenericAPIView与ViewSetMixin，在实现了调用as_view()时传入字典（如{'get':'list'}）的映射处理工作的同时，还提供了GenericAPIView提供的基础方法，可以直接搭配Mixin扩展类使用。

举例：

from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.decorators import action

class BookInfoViewSet(mixins.ListModelMixin, mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
    queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer

url的定义

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^books/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})),
]

3）ModelViewSet

继承自GenericViewSet，同时包括了ListModelMixin、RetrieveModelMixin、CreateModelMixin、UpdateModelMixin、DestoryModelMixin。

4）ReadOnlyModelViewSet

继承自GenericViewSet，同时包括了ListModelMixin、RetrieveModelMixin。

视图集中定义附加action动作

在视图集中，除了上述默认的方法动作外，还可以添加自定义动作。

举例：

from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.decorators import action

class BookInfoViewSet(mixins.ListModelMixin, mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, GenericViewSet):
    queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer

    def latest(self, request):
        """
        返回最新的图书信息
        """
        book = BookInfo.objects.latest('id')
        serializer = self.get_serializer(book)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def read(self, request, pk):
        """
        修改图书的阅读量数据
        """
        book = self.get_object()
        book.bread = request.data.get('read')
        book.save()
        serializer = self.get_serializer(book)
        return Response(serializer.data)

url的定义

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^books/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})),
    url(r'^books/latest/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'latest'})),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>d+)/read/$', views.BookInfoViewSet.as_view({'put': 'read'})),
]

action属性

在视图集中，我们可以通过action对象属性来获取当前请求视图集时的action动作是哪个。

例如：

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet,ReadOnlyModelViewSet
from booktest.models import BookInfo
from .serializers import BookInfoModelSerializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
class BookInfoModelViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookInfoModelSerializer

    def get_top_5(self,request):
        """获取评论值最多的5条数据"""
        # 操作数据库
        print(self.action) # 获取本次请求的视图方法名
        
        
通过路由访问到当前方法中.可以看到本次的action就是请求的方法名

二、总结

1. 重写as_views（）方法通过反射机制实现对应功能的请求，as_views()完成了请求自定义映射，将所有请求方式与响应方法名，通过映射关系交给用户自己配置
2. GenericViewSet类作为ReadOnlyModelViewSet的父类类作为ReadOnlyModelViewSet的父类，解决了单查和群查共存，实现继承工具类中的单查和群查的方法
3. ViewSet和GenericViewSet类的区别：登录接口post不需要增
4. 所以GenericViewSet标准的资源接口post请求一定会往数据库中增，ViewSet他是非资源接口post不需要数据库增数据的交互
5. 可以实现自定义请求的方法

    def as_view(cls, actions=None, **initkwargs):
        """
        Because of the way class based views create a closure around the
        instantiated view, we need to totally reimplement `.as_view`,
        and slightly modify the view function that is created and returned.
        """
        # The name and description initkwargs may be explicitly overridden for
        # certain route configurations. eg, names of extra actions.
        cls.name = None
        cls.description = None

        # The suffix initkwarg is reserved for displaying the viewset type.
        # This initkwarg should have no effect if the name is provided.
        # eg. 'List' or 'Instance'.
        cls.suffix = None

        # The detail initkwarg is reserved for introspecting the viewset type.
        cls.detail = None

        # Setting a basename allows a view to reverse its action urls. This
        # value is provided by the router through the initkwargs.
        cls.basename = None

        # actions must not be empty
        if not actions:
            raise TypeError("The `actions` argument must be provided when "
                            "calling `.as_view()` on a ViewSet. For example "
                            "`.as_view({'get': 'list'})`")

        # sanitize keyword arguments
        for key in initkwargs:
            if key in cls.http_method_names:
                raise TypeError("You tried to pass in the %s method name as a "
                                "keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that."
                                % (key, cls.__name__))
            if not hasattr(cls, key):
                raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r" % (
                    cls.__name__, key))

        # name and suffix are mutually exclusive
        if 'name' in initkwargs and 'suffix' in initkwargs:
            raise TypeError("%s() received both `name` and `suffix`, which are "
                            "mutually exclusive arguments." % (cls.__name__))

        def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
            self = cls(**initkwargs)
            # We also store the mapping of request methods to actions,
            # so that we can later set the action attribute.
            # eg. `self.action = 'list'` on an incoming GET request.
            self.action_map = actions
			
            # 设置具体执行函数响应
            for method, action in actions.items():
                handler = getattr(self, action)
                setattr(self, method, handler)

            if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
                self.head = self.get

            self.request = request
            self.args = args
            self.kwargs = kwargs

            # And continue as usual
            return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)

        # take name and docstring from class
        update_wrapper(view, cls, updated=())

        update_wrapper(view, cls.dispatch, assigned=())

        view.cls = cls
        view.initkwargs = initkwargs
        view.actions = actions
        return csrf_exempt(view)