摘要：
在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典关键字。如果这两个值相等，则哈希值也相等。
一、作用域
对作用域来说，只要变量在内存里面存在就可以使用:
1 if 1==1: 2 name = 'saneri' 3 print name
二、三元运算
result = 值1 if 条件 else 值2
如果条件为真：result = 值1
如果条件为假：result = 值2
实例：
a = 1 b = 2 c = a if a > 1 else b # 如果a大于1的话，c=a，否则c=b
三、进制
- 二进制，01
- 八进制，01234567
- 十进制，0123456789
- 十六进制，0123456789ABCDE
对于Python 一切事物都是对象，对象基于类创建.类里面保存了对象的方法和功能:
通过type可以查看对象的类型
dir（类型名）查看类中提供的所有功能
help(类型名) 查看类中所有详细的功能
help（类型名.功能名） 查看类中某功能的详细信息.
dir(list) 私有方法'__add__', '__class__', '__contains__' 可能有多种执行方式 非内置方法： 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert' 只有一种执行方式，通过对象.方法来调用.
一、整数
创建数字方法
i = 10
i = int(10)
i = int("10",base=2)
1 divmod(10,3) 求商和余数 ---》分页 2 all() 接收一个序列，判断，所有值都是真，返回真，负责返回假. 3 any() 只要有一个是真，就是真.
class int(object): """ int(x=0) -> int or long int(x, base=10) -> int or long Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. >>> int('0b100', base=0) 4 """ def bit_length(self): """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """ """ int.bit_length() -> int Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary. >>> bin(37) '0b100101' >>> (37).bit_length() 6 """ return 0 def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """ """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """ pass def __abs__(self): """ 返回绝对值 """ """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ pass def __add__(self, y): """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ pass def __and__(self, y): """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ pass def __cmp__(self, y): """ 比较两个数大小 """ """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ pass def __coerce__(self, y): """ 强制生成一个元组 """ """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ pass def __divmod__(self, y): """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """ """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ pass def __div__(self, y): """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """ pass def __float__(self): """ 转换为浮点类型 """ """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """ pass def __floordiv__(self, y): """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """ pass def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass def __getattribute__(self, name): """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ pass def __hash__(self): """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。""" """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ pass def __hex__(self): """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """ pass def __index__(self): """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """ """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """ pass def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__ """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """ """ int(x=0) -> int or long int(x, base=10) -> int or long Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. >>> int('0b100', base=0) 4 # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __int__(self): """ 转换为整数 """ """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """ pass def __invert__(self): """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """ pass def __long__(self): """ 转换为长整数 """ """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """ pass def __lshift__(self, y): """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """ pass def __mod__(self, y): """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ pass def __mul__(self, y): """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """ pass def __neg__(self): """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(S, *more): """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ pass def __nonzero__(self): """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """ pass def __oct__(self): """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """ """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """ pass def __or__(self, y): """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ pass def __pos__(self): """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """ pass def __pow__(self, y, z=None): """ 幂，次方 """ """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass def __radd__(self, y): """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """ pass def __rand__(self, y): """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ pass def __rdivmod__(self, y): """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """ pass def __rdiv__(self, y): """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass def __repr__(self): """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """ """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ pass def __str__(self): """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式""" """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ pass def __rfloordiv__(self, y): """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """ pass def __rlshift__(self, y): """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """ pass def __rmod__(self, y): """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ pass def __rmul__(self, y): """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """ pass def __ror__(self, y): """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """ pass def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass def __rrshift__(self, y): """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """ pass def __rshift__(self, y): """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """ pass def __rsub__(self, y): """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ pass def __rtruediv__(self, y): """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass def __rxor__(self, y): """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """ pass def __sub__(self, y): """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ pass def __truediv__(self, y): """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """ pass def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """ pass def __xor__(self, y): """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ pass denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 分母 = 1 """ """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms""" imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 虚数，无意义 """ """the imaginary part of a complex number""" numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 分子 = 数字大小 """ """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms""" real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 实属，无意义 """ """the real part of a complex number"""
二、长整型
可能如：2147483649、9223372036854775807
每个长整型都具备如下功能：
class long(object): """ long(x=0) -> long long(x, base=10) -> long Convert a number or string to a long integer, or return 0L if no arguments are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. >>> int('0b100', base=0) 4L """ def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ long.bit_length() -> int or long Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary. >>> bin(37L) '0b100101' >>> (37L).bit_length() 6 """ return 0 def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long. """ pass def __abs__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ pass def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ pass def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ pass def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ pass def __coerce__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ pass def __divmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ pass def __div__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """ pass def __float__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """ pass def __floordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """ pass def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ pass def __hex__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """ pass def __index__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """ pass def __init__(self, x=0): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ pass def __int__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """ pass def __invert__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """ pass def __long__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """ pass def __lshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """ pass def __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ pass def __mul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """ pass def __neg__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ pass def __nonzero__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """ pass def __oct__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """ pass def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ pass def __pos__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """ pass def __pow__(self, y, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass def __radd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """ pass def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ pass def __rdivmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """ pass def __rdiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ pass def __rfloordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """ pass def __rlshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """ pass def __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ pass def __rmul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """ pass def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """ pass def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass def __rrshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """ pass def __rshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """ pass def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ pass def __rtruediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """ pass def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Returns size in memory, in bytes """ pass def __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ pass def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ pass def __truediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """ pass def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Truncating an Integral returns itself. """ pass def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ pass denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms""" imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """the imaginary part of a complex number""" numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms""" real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """the real part of a complex number"""
三、浮点型
如：3.14、2.88
每个浮点型都具备如下功能：
class float(object): """ float(x) -> floating point number Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible. """ def as_integer_ratio(self): """ 获取改值的最简比 """ """ float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int) Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float and with a positive denominator. Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs. >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio() (10, 1) >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio() (0, 1) >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio() (-1, 4) """ pass def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self, the complex conjugate of any float. """ pass def fromhex(self, string): """ 将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型 """ """ float.fromhex(string) -> float Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string. >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10') 2047.984375 >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074') -4.9406564584124654e-324 """ return 0.0 def hex(self): """ 返回当前值的 16 进制表示 """ """ float.hex() -> string Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number. >>> (-0.1).hex() '-0x1.999999999999ap-4' >>> 3.14159.hex() '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1' """ return "" def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if the float is an integer. """ pass def __abs__(self): """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ pass def __add__(self, y): """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ pass def __coerce__(self, y): """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ pass def __divmod__(self, y): """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ pass def __div__(self, y): """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """ pass def __eq__(self, y): """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ pass def __float__(self): """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """ pass def __floordiv__(self, y): """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """ pass def __format__(self, format_spec): """ float.__format__(format_spec) -> string Formats the float according to format_spec. """ return "" def __getattribute__(self, name): """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ pass def __getformat__(self, typestr): """ float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite. typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. This function returns whichever of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr. """ return "" def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass def __ge__(self, y): """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ pass def __gt__(self, y): """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ pass def __hash__(self): """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ pass def __init__(self, x): pass def __int__(self): """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """ pass def __le__(self, y): """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ pass def __long__(self): """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """ pass def __lt__(self, y): """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ pass def __mod__(self, y): """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ pass def __mul__(self, y): """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """ pass def __neg__(self): """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(S, *more): """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ pass def __ne__(self, y): """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ pass def __nonzero__(self): """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """ pass def __pos__(self): """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """ pass def __pow__(self, y, z=None): """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass def __radd__(self, y): """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """ pass def __rdivmod__(self, y): """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """ pass def __rdiv__(self, y): """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass def __repr__(self): """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ pass def __rfloordiv__(self, y): """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """ pass def __rmod__(self, y): """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ pass def __rmul__(self, y): """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """ pass def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass def __rsub__(self, y): """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ pass def __rtruediv__(self, y): """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass def __setformat__(self, typestr, fmt): """ float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite. typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. fmt must be one of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only be one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality. Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type. This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings. """ pass def __str__(self): """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ pass def __sub__(self, y): """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ pass def __truediv__(self, y): """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """ pass def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x. """ pass imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """the imaginary part of a complex number""" real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """the real part of a complex number"""
_hash__ 在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键 __hex__ """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ __oct__ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
四、字符串
如：'saneri'、'abcd'
每个字符串都具备如下功能：
1 """ 2 str(object='') -> string 3 4 Return a nice string representation of the object. 5 If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. 6 """ 7 def capitalize(self): 8 """ 首字母变大写 """ 9 """ 10 S.capitalize() -> string 11 12 Return a copy of the string S with only its first character 13 capitalized. 14 """ 15 return "" 16 17 def center(self, width, fillchar=None): 18 """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """ 19 """ 20 S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string 21 >>> s = "alex" 22 >>> s.center(30, "*") 23 '*************alex*************' 24 Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is 25 done using the specified fill character (default is a space) 26 """ 27 return "" 28 29 def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 30 """ 子序列个数 """ 31 """ 32 S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int 33 s.count("a",0,5) start，end找，下标的位置 34 Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in 35 string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted 36 as in slice notation. 37 """ 38 return 0 39 40 def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): 41 """ 解码""" 42 """ 43 S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object 44 45 Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults 46 to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error 47 handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise 48 a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' 49 as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is 50 able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. 51 """ 52 return object() 53 54 def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): 55 """ 编码，针对unicode """ 56 """ 57 S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object 58 59 Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults 60 to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error 61 handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise 62 a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and 63 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with 64 codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. 65 """ 66 return object() 67 68 def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): 69 """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """ 70 """ 71 S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool 72 73 Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. 74 With optional start, test S beginning at that position. 75 With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. 76 suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. 77 """ 78 return False 79 80 def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None): 81 """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """ 82 """ 83 S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string 84 85 Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. 86 If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. 87 """ 88 return "" 89 90 def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 91 """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，则异常 """ 92 """ 93 S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 94 95 Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, 96 such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional 97 arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. 98 99 Return -1 on failure. 100 """ 101 return 0 102 103 def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format 104 """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """ 105 """ 106 S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string 107 108 Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs. 109 The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}'). 110 """ 111 pass 112 113 def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 114 """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，则返回-1 """ 115 S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 116 117 Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. 118 """ 119 return 0 120 121 def isalnum(self): 122 """ 是否是字母和数字 """ 123 """ 124 S.isalnum() -> bool 125 126 Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric 127 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 128 """ 129 return False 130 131 def isalpha(self): 132 """ 是否是字母 """ 133 """ 134 S.isalpha() -> bool 135 136 Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic 137 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 138 """ 139 return False 140 141 def isdigit(self): 142 """ 是否是数字 """ 143 """ 144 S.isdigit() -> bool 145 146 Return True if all characters in S are digits 147 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 148 """ 149 return False 150 151 def islower(self): 152 """ 是否小写 """ 153 """ 154 S.islower() -> bool 155 156 Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is 157 at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. 158 """ 159 return False 160 161 def isspace(self): 162 """ 163 S.isspace() -> bool 164 165 Return True if all characters in S are whitespace 166 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 167 """ 168 return False 169 170 def istitle(self): 171 """ 172 S.istitle() -> bool 173 174 Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one 175 character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased 176 characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False 177 otherwise. 178 """ 179 return False 180 181 def isupper(self): 182 """ 183 S.isupper() -> bool 184 185 Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is 186 at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. 187 """ 188 return False 189 190 def join(self, iterable): 191 """ 连接 """ 192 """ 193 S.join(iterable) -> string 194 195 Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the 196 iterable. The separator between elements is S. 197 """ 198 return "" 199 200 def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): 201 """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """ 202 """ 203 S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string 204 205 Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is 206 done using the specified fill character (default is a space). 207 """ 208 return "" 209 210 def lower(self): 211 """ 变小写 """ 212 """ 213 S.lower() -> string 214 215 Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. 216 """ 217 return "" 218 219 def lstrip(self, chars=None): 220 """ 移除左侧空白 """ 221 """ 222 S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode 223 224 Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. 225 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 226 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 227 """ 228 return "" 229 230 def partition(self, sep): 231 """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """ 232 """ 233 S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) 234 235 Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it, 236 the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not 237 found, return S and two empty strings. 238 """ 239 pass 240 241 def replace(self, old, new, count=None): 242 """ 替换 """ 243 """ 244 S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string 245 246 Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring 247 old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is 248 given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. 249 """ 250 return "" 251 252 def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 253 """ 254 S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 255 256 Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, 257 such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional 258 arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. 259 260 Return -1 on failure. 261 """ 262 return 0 263 264 def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 265 """ 266 S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 267 268 Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. 269 """ 270 return 0 271 272 def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): 273 """ 274 S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string 275 276 Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is 277 done using the specified fill character (default is a space) 278 """ 279 return "" 280 281 def rpartition(self, sep): 282 """ 283 S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) 284 285 Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return 286 the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the 287 separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. 288 """ 289 pass 290 291 def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): 292 """ 293 S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings 294 295 Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the 296 delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working 297 to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are 298 done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string 299 is a separator. 300 """ 301 return [] 302 303 def rstrip(self, chars=None): 304 """ 305 S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode 306 307 Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. 308 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 309 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 310 """ 311 return "" 312 313 def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): 314 """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """ 315 """ 316 S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings 317 318 Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the 319 delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit 320 splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any 321 whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed 322 from the result. 323 """ 324 return [] 325 326 def splitlines(self, keepends=False): 327 """ 根据换行分割 """ 328 """ 329 S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings 330 331 Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. 332 Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends 333 is given and true. 334 """ 335 return [] 336 337 def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): 338 """ 是否起始 """ 339 """ 340 S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool 341 342 Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. 343 With optional start, test S beginning at that position. 344 With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. 345 prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. 346 """ 347 return False 348 349 def strip(self, chars=None): 350 """ 移除两端空白 """ 351 """ 352 S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode 353 354 Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing 355 whitespace removed. 356 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 357 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 358 """ 359 return "" 360 361 def swapcase(self): 362 """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """ 363 """ 364 S.swapcase() -> string 365 366 Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters 367 converted to lowercase and vice versa. 368 """ 369 return "" 370 371 def title(self): 372 """ 373 S.title() -> string 374 375 Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase 376 characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. 377 """ 378 return "" 379 380 def translate(self, table, deletechars=None): 381 """ 382 转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合 383 intab = "aeiou" 384 outtab = "12345" 385 trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab) 386 str = "this is string example....wow!!!" 387 print str.translate(trantab, 'xm') 388 """ 389 390 """ 391 S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string 392 393 Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring 394 in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the 395 remaining characters have been mapped through the given 396 translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None. 397 If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and 398 the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars. 399 """ 400 return "" 401 402 def upper(self): 403 """ 404 S.upper() -> string 405 406 Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase. 407 """ 408 return "" 409 410 def zfill(self, width): 411 """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。""" 412 """ 413 S.zfill(width) -> string 414 415 Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field 416 of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. 417 """ 418 return "" 419 420 def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 421 pass 422 423 def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 424 pass 425 426 def __add__(self, y): 427 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 428 pass 429 430 def __contains__(self, y): 431 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """ 432 pass 433 434 def __eq__(self, y): 435 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 436 pass 437 438 def __format__(self, format_spec): 439 """ 440 S.__format__(format_spec) -> string 441 442 Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec. 443 """ 444 return "" 445 446 def __getattribute__(self, name): 447 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ 448 pass 449 450 def __getitem__(self, y): 451 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 452 pass 453 454 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 455 pass 456 457 def __getslice__(self, i, j): 458 """ 459 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] 460 461 Use of negative indices is not supported. 462 """ 463 pass 464 465 def __ge__(self, y): 466 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 467 pass 468 469 def __gt__(self, y): 470 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 471 pass 472 473 def __hash__(self): 474 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ 475 pass 476 477 def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__ 478 """ 479 str(object='') -> string 480 481 Return a nice string representation of the object. 482 If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. 483 # (copied from class doc) 484 """ 485 pass 486 487 def __len__(self): 488 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 489 pass 490 491 def __le__(self, y): 492 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 493 pass 494 495 def __lt__(self, y): 496 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 497 pass 498 499 def __mod__(self, y): 500 """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ 501 pass 502 503 def __mul__(self, n): 504 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """ 505 pass 506 507 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 508 def __new__(S, *more): 509 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 510 pass 511 512 def __ne__(self, y): 513 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 514 pass 515 516 def __repr__(self): 517 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 518 pass 519 520 def __rmod__(self, y): 521 """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ 522 pass 523 524 def __rmul__(self, n): 525 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """ 526 pass 527 528 def __sizeof__(self): 529 """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ 530 pass 531 532 def __str__(self): 533 """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ 534 pass 535 536 str
五、列表
List是处理和存放一组数据的列表
如：[11,22,33]、['saneri', 'alex']
每个列表都具备如下功能：
List操作包含以下函数:
cmp(list1, list2)： 比较两个列表的元素,两个元素相同返回0，前大后小返回1，前小后大返回-1
len(list)： 列表元素个数
max(list)： 返回列表元素最大值
min(list)： 返回列表元素最小值
list('var')： 将元素转换为列表
del L[1] 删除指定下标的元素
del L[1:3] 删除指定下标范围的元素
List操作包含以下方法:
L.append('var') append方法用于在列表的尾部追加元素，参数'var'是插入元素的值
L.insert(index,'var') 用于将对象插入到列表中，俩个参数，第一个是索引位置，第二个插入的元素对象.
L.pop() 返回列表最后一个元素，并从List中删除.
Lpop(index) 返回列表索引的元素，并删除.
L.count(var) 该元素在列表中出现的个数
L.index('var') 取出元素的位置(下标)，无则抛出异常.
L.remove('var') remove方法用于从列表中移除第一次的值(值如果有重复则删除第一个)
L.sort() 排序
L.reverse() 倒序
L.extend(list1) extend方法用于将两个列表合并，将list1列表的值添加到L列表的后面。
Python列表脚本操作符:
List 中 + 和 * 的操作符与字符串相似。+ 号用于组合列表，* 号用于重复列表。
Python列表截取:
Python的列表截取与字符串操作类型，如下所示:
L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!','xusandu']
实例：
1 >>> ShoppingList = ['car','clothers','iphone'] //定义列表 2 >>> ShoppingList.append('Alex') //在列表中插入'Alex'字符 3 >>> ShoppingList //查看列表 4 ['car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex'] 5 >>> ShoppingList.insert(0,'top') //在列表下标为零处(即列表第一个元素)，插入‘top’元素 6 >>> ShoppingList 7 ['top', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex'] 8 >>> 9 >>> ShoppingList[0] //查看下标为零的元素 10 'top' 11 >>> ShoppingList[2] //查看下标为2的元素 12 'clothers' 13 >>> ShoppingList[0] = 'car' //将下标为0的元素(即‘top’字符)替换为‘car’ 14 >>> ShoppingList 15 ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex'] 16 >>> ShoppingList.pop() //列表最后一个元素(Alex)，并从List中删除掉 17 'Alex' 18 >>> ShoppingList 19 ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone'] 20 >>> 21 >>> ShoppingList.remove('iphone') //从列表中移除'iphone'元素 22 >>> ShoppingList 23 ['car', 'car', 'clothers'] 24 >>> 25 >>> ShoppingList.append('rain') 26 >>> ShoppingList.count('car') //统计列表中元素'car'的个数 27 2 28 >>> 'car' in ShoppingList //List列表中查找'car'元素，如果存在则返回Ture 29 True 30 >>> 31 >>> ShoppingList 32 ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'rain'] 33 >>> ShoppingList.index('rain') 34 3 35 >>> ShoppingList 36 ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'rain'] 37 >>> del ShoppingList[0] //使用del 函数删除List中下标为0的元素. 38 >>> ShoppingList 39 ['car', 'clothers', 'rain'] 40 >>>
六、元组(tuple)
不可变序列-----元组 tuple
元组通过圆括号中用逗号分隔的项目定义,不可以添加和删除元组.
如：(11,22,33)、('saneri', 'alex')
每个元组都具备如下功能：connt,index
1 >>> name_tuple = ('a','b','c','a','b') 2 >>> type(name_tuple) 3 <type 'tuple'> 4 >>> name_tuple.count('a') 5 2 6 >>> name_tuple.index('b') //获取b元素下标位置. 7 1
七、字典
字典是Python语言中唯一的映射类型。
映射类型对象里哈希值（键，key）和指向的对象（值，value）是一对多的的关系，通常被认为是可变的哈希表。
字典对象是可变的，它是一个容器类型，能存储任意个数的Python对象，其中也可包括其他容器类型。
技巧：
字典中包含列表：dict = {"ZhangSan" : ['23','IT'],"Lisi" : ['22','dota']}
字典中包含字典：dict = {"Wangwu" : {"age" : 23,"job":"IT"},"Song" : {"age":22,"job":"dota"}}
Dict 操作包含以下方法:
D = {"ZhangSan" : ['23','IT'],"Lisi" : ['22','dota']}
D.clear() 清空字典D中的内容
D.keys() 查看字典所有主键
D.values() 查看字典所有value内容
D.popitem() 默认删除第一个键值
D.has_key('rain') 查询字典中是否有某个键
D['James'] = '23' 添加新item到字典
str(D) 输出字典可打印的字符串表示
del D['rain'] 删除item
cmp(a,b) 首先比较主键长度，然后比较键大小，然后比较键值大小，（第一个大返回1，小返回-1，一样返回0）
D.fromkeys(seq[, value])) fromkeys()方法从序列键和值设置为value来创建一个新的字典。实例如下：
1 seq = ('name', 'age', 'sex') 2 dict = dict.fromkeys(seq) 3 print "New Dictionary : %s" % str(dict) 4 5 dict = dict.fromkeys(seq, 10) 6 print "New Dictionary : %s" % str(dict) 7 8 当我们运行上面的程序，它会产生以下结果： 9 New Dictionary : {'age': None, 'name': None, 'sex': None} 10 New Dictionary : {'age': 10, 'name': 10, 'sex': 10}
setdefault() setdefault() 函数和get()方法类似, 如果键不已经存在于字典中，将会添加键并将值设为默认值。
1 dict.setdefault(key, default=None) 2 key -- 查找的键值. 3 4 default -- 键不存在时，设置的默认键值。 5 dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7} 6 7 print "Value : %s" % dict.setdefault('Age', None) 8 print "Value : %s" % dict.setdefault('Sex', None) 9 以上实例输出结果为： 10 Value : 7 11 Value : None
每个字典具备如下功能：
1 class dict(object): 2 """ 3 dict() -> new empty dictionary 4 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's 5 (key, value) pairs 6 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: 7 d = {} 8 for k, v in iterable: 9 d[k] = v 10 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs 11 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) 12 """ 13 14 def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 15 """ 清除内容 """ 16 """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """ 17 pass 18 19 def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 20 """ 浅拷贝 """ 21 """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """ 22 pass 23 24 @staticmethod # known case 25 def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 26 """ 27 dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v. 28 v defaults to None. 29 """ 30 pass 31 32 def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 33 """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """ 34 """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """ 35 pass 36 37 def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 38 """ 是否有key """ 39 """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """ 40 return False 41 42 def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 43 """ 所有项的列表形式 """ 44 """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """ 45 return [] 46 47 def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 48 """ 项可迭代 """ 49 """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """ 50 pass 51 52 def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 53 """ key可迭代 """ 54 """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """ 55 pass 56 57 def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 58 """ value可迭代 """ 59 """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """ 60 pass 61 62 def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 63 """ 所有的key列表 """ 64 """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """ 65 return [] 66 67 def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 68 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """ 69 """ 70 D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. 71 If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised 72 """ 73 pass 74 75 def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 76 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """ 77 """ 78 D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 79 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. 80 """ 81 pass 82 83 def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 84 """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """ 85 """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """ 86 pass 87 88 def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update 89 """ 更新 90 {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000} 91 [('name','sbsbsb'),] 92 """ 93 """ 94 D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F. 95 If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] 96 If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v 97 In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k] 98 """ 99 pass 100 101 def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 102 """ 所有的值 """ 103 """ D.values() -> list of D's values """ 104 return [] 105 106 def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 107 """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """ 108 """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """ 109 pass 110 111 def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 112 """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """ 113 pass 114 115 def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 116 """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """ 117 pass 118 119 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 120 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ 121 pass 122 123 def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 124 """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """ 125 return False 126 127 def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 128 """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """ 129 pass 130 131 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 132 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 133 pass 134 135 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 136 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ 137 pass 138 139 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 140 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 141 pass 142 143 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 144 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 145 pass 146 147 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 148 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 149 pass 150 151 def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__ 152 """ 153 dict() -> new empty dictionary 154 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's 155 (key, value) pairs 156 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: 157 d = {} 158 for k, v in iterable: 159 d[k] = v 160 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs 161 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) 162 # (copied from class doc) 163 """ 164 pass 165 166 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 167 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ 168 pass 169 170 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 171 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 172 pass 173 174 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 175 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 176 pass 177 178 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 179 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 180 pass 181 182 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 183 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 184 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 185 pass 186 187 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 188 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 189 pass 190 191 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 192 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 193 pass 194 195 def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 196 """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """ 197 pass 198 199 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 200 """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """ 201 pass 202 203 __hash__ = None 204 205 dict
八、set集合
set是一个无序且不重复的元素集合
a &b 交集
a | b 并集
a ^ b 取出非交集的数
a -b a里面有b里面没有
1 class set(object): 2 """ 3 set() -> new empty set object 4 set(iterable) -> new set object 5 6 Build an unordered collection of unique elements. 7 """ 8 def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 9 """ 添加 """ 10 """ 11 Add an element to a set. 12 13 This has no effect if the element is already present. 14 """ 15 pass 16 17 def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 18 """ Remove all elements from this set. """ 19 pass 20 21 def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 22 """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """ 23 pass 24 25 def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 26 """ 27 Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. 28 29 (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) 30 """ 31 pass 32 33 def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 34 """ 删除当前set中的所有包含在 new set 里的元素 """ 35 """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """ 36 pass 37 38 def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 39 """ 移除元素 """ 40 """ 41 Remove an element from a set if it is a member. 42 43 If the element is not a member, do nothing. 44 """ 45 pass 46 47 def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 48 """ 取交集，新创建一个set """ 49 """ 50 Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set. 51 52 (i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.) 53 """ 54 pass 55 56 def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 57 """ 取交集，修改原来set """ 58 """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """ 59 pass 60 61 def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 62 """ 如果没有交集，返回true """ 63 """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """ 64 pass 65 66 def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 67 """ 是否是子集 """ 68 """ Report whether another set contains this set. """ 69 pass 70 71 def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 72 """ 是否是父集 """ 73 """ Report whether this set contains another set. """ 74 pass 75 76 def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 77 """ 移除 """ 78 """ 79 Remove and return an arbitrary set element. 80 Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 81 """ 82 pass 83 84 def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 85 """ 移除 """ 86 """ 87 Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. 88 89 If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 90 """ 91 pass 92 93 def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 94 """ 差集，创建新对象""" 95 """ 96 Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 97 98 (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) 99 """ 100 pass 101 102 def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 103 """ 差集，改变原来 """ 104 """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """ 105 pass 106 107 def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 108 """ 并集 """ 109 """ 110 Return the union of sets as a new set. 111 112 (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) 113 """ 114 pass 115 116 def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 117 """ 更新 """ 118 """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """ 119 pass 120 121 def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 122 """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ 123 pass 124 125 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 126 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ 127 pass 128 129 def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 130 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """ 131 pass 132 133 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 134 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 135 pass 136 137 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 138 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ 139 pass 140 141 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 142 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 143 pass 144 145 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 146 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 147 pass 148 149 def __iand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 150 """ x.__iand__(y) <==> x&=y """ 151 pass 152 153 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__ 154 """ 155 set() -> new empty set object 156 set(iterable) -> new set object 157 158 Build an unordered collection of unique elements. 159 # (copied from class doc) 160 """ 161 pass 162 163 def __ior__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 164 """ x.__ior__(y) <==> x|=y """ 165 pass 166 167 def __isub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 168 """ x.__isub__(y) <==> x-=y """ 169 pass 170 171 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 172 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ 173 pass 174 175 def __ixor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 176 """ x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^=y """ 177 pass 178 179 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 180 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 181 pass 182 183 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 184 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 185 pass 186 187 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 188 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 189 pass 190 191 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 192 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 193 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 194 pass 195 196 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 197 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 198 pass 199 200 def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 201 """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ 202 pass 203 204 def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 205 """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ 206 pass 207 208 def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 209 """ Return state information for pickling. """ 210 pass 211 212 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 213 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 214 pass 215 216 def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 217 """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """ 218 pass 219 220 def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 221 """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ 222 pass 223 224 def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 225 """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """ 226 pass 227 228 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 229 """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ 230 pass 231 232 def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 233 """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ 234 pass 235 236 def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 237 """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ 238 pass 239 240 __hash__ = None 241 复制代码
1 L.set() 2 >>> txt1 = [1,2,3,4,5] 3 >>> txt2 = [2,4,6,7] 4 >>> txt3 = list(set(txt1 + txt2)) 5 >>> 6 >>> print txt3 7 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] 8 >>>
九、collection系列:
1、计数器（counter）
Counter是对字典类型的补充，用于追踪值的出现次数。
具备字典的所有功能 + 自己的功能:
1 c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba') 2 print c 3 输出：Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1})
2、有序字典(orderedDict )
orderdDict是对字典类型的补充，他记住了字典元素添加的顺序
3、默认字典(defaultdict) defaultdict是对字典的类型的补充，他默认给字典的值设置了一个类型。
需求：
有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...]，将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中，将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。
即： {'k1': 大于66 , 'k2': 小于66}defaultdict字典解决方法1 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] 2 3 my_dict = {} 4 5 for value in values: 6 if value>66: 7 if my_dict.has_key('k1'): 8 my_dict['k1'].append(value) 9 else: 10 my_dict['k1'] = [value] 11 else: 12 if my_dict.has_key('k2'): 13 my_dict['k2'].append(value) 14 else: 15 my_dict['k2'] = [value]
1 from collections import defaultdict 2 3 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] 4 5 my_dict = defaultdict(list) 6 7 for value in values: 8 if value>66: 9 my_dict['k1'].append(value) 10 else: 11 my_dict['k2'].append(value)
4、可命名元组(namedtuple)
根据nametuple可以创建一个包含tuple所有功能以及其他功能的类型.
1 import collections 2 Mytuple = collections.namedtuple('Mytuple',['x','y','z']) 3 new = Mytuple(1,2,3) 4 print new 5 Mytuple(x=1, y=2, z=3)
5、双向队列(deque)
两边都可以存取，线程安全的) 在collection模块中
单向队列：先进先出（FIFO）
栈：弹夹（后进的先出） 再Queue模块中
1 >>> import Queue 2 >>> Q = Queue.Queue(10) 最多插入10个数 3 >>> Q.put(1) 向队列中添加值 4 >>> Q.put(2) 5 >>> Q.put(3) 6 >>> Q.put(4) 7 Q.get(）
一、迭代器
对于Python 列表的 for 循环，他的内部原理：查看下一个元素是否存在，如果存在，则取出，如果不存在，则报异常 StopIteration。（python内部对异常已处理）
listiterator二、生成器
range不是生成器 而 xrange 是生成器
readlines不是生成器 而 xreadlines 是生成器
1 >>> print range(10) 2 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] 3 >>> print xrange(10) 4 xrange(10)
生成器内部基于yield创建，即：对于生成器只有使用时才创建，从而不避免内存浪费
练习：有如下列表： [13, 22, 6, 99, 11] 请按照一下规则计算： 13 和 22 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[13, 22, 6, 99, 11] 22 和 6 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[13, 6, 22, 99, 11] 22 和 99 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[13, 6, 22, 99, 11] 99 和 42 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[13, 6, 22, 11, 99,] 13 和 6 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[6, 13, 22, 11, 99,] ...
解析：
li = [13, 22, 6, 99, 11]
for m in range(len(li)-1):
for n in range(m+1, len(li)):
if li[m]> li[n]:
temp = li[n]
li[n] = li[m]
li[m] = temp
print li 让a和b的值互换位置：
1 >>> a = 123 2 >>> b = 321 3 >>> a,b 4 (123, 321) 5 >>> temp = a 6 >>> temp 7 123 8 >>> a = b 9 >>> a 10 321 11 >>> b = temp 12 >>> a,b 13 (321, 123) 14 >>>