摘要：
在Python爬虫入门3.1中静静地搜索Urllib库的基本用法。如何每分钟搜索一个页面？事实上，我们根据URL获取其网页信息。虽然我们在浏览器中看到了漂亮的图片，但它们实际上是由浏览器的解释呈现的。本质上，它是一段HTML代码，外加JS和CSS。如果我们把网页比作一个人，HTML是他的骨架，JS是他的肌肉，CSS是他的衣服。所以最重要的部分是HTML。让我们写一个例子来选择一个网页。
1.分分钟扒一个网页下来
怎样扒网页呢？其实就是根据URL来获取它的网页信息，虽然我们在浏览器中看到的是一幅幅优美的画面，但是其实是由浏览器解释才呈现出来的，实质它是一段HTML代码，加 JS、CSS，如果把网页比作一个人，那么HTML便是他的骨架，JS便是他的肌肉，CSS便是它的衣服。所以最重要的部分是存在于HTML中的，下面我们就写个例子来扒一个网页下来。
1 import urllib2 2 3 response = urllib2.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com") 4 print response.read()
<!DOCTYPE html><!--STATUS OK--><html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta content="always" name="referrer"><meta name="theme-color" content="#2932e1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://t.zoukankan.com/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="http://t.zoukankan.com/content-search.xml" title="百度搜索" /><link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="http://www.baidu.com/img/baidu.svg"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://s1.bdstatic.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://t1.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://t2.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://t3.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://t10.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://t11.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://t12.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://b1.bdstatic.com"/><title>百度一下，你就知道</title>
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}setTimeout(function(){$.ajax({url:b,cache:true,dataType:"script"})},0);var d=(navigator&&navigator.userAgent)?navigator.userAgent:"";var c=(document&&document.cookie)?document.cookie:"";var a=!!(d.match(/(msie [2-8])/i)||(d.match(/windows.*safari/i)&&!d.match(/chrome/i))||d.match(/(linux.*firefox)/i)||d.match(/Chrome/29/i)||d.match(/mac os x.*firefox/i)||c.match(/ISSW=1/)||UPS.get("isSwitch")==0);if(bds&&bds.comm){bds.comm.supportis=!a;bds.comm.isui=true}window.__restart_confirm_timeout=true;window.__confirm_timeout=8000;window.__disable_is_guide=true;window.__disable_swap_to_empty=true;window.__switch_add_mask=true;document.write("<script src='http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/js/all_async_search_12156588.js'></script>");if(bds.comm.newindex){$(window).on("index_off",function(){$('<div id="c-tips-container"></div>').insertAfter("#wrapper");if(window.__sample_dynamic_tab){$("#s_tab").remove()}})}if(!d.match(/(msie 6)/i)){$(function(){setTimeout(function(){$.ajax({url:"http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/baiduia/baiduia_b45d552b.js",cache:true,dataType:"script"})
},0)})}if(bds.comm&&bds.comm.ishome&&Cookie.get("H_PS_PSSID")){bds.comm.indexSid=Cookie.get("H_PS_PSSID")}})();</script><script>if(bds.comm.supportis){window.__restart_confirm_timeout=true;window.__confirm_timeout=8000;window.__disable_is_guide=true;window.__disable_swap_to_empty=true;}initPreload({'isui':true,'index_form':"#form",'index_kw':"#kw",'result_form':"#form",'result_kw':"#kw"});</script><script>if(navigator.cookieEnabled){document.cookie="NOJS=;expires=Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT";}</script></body></html>首先我们调用的是urllib库里面的urlopen方法，传入一个URL，这个网址是百度首页，协议是HTTP协议，当然你也可以把HTTP换做FTP,FILE,HTTPS 等等，只是代表了一种访问控制协议，urlopen一般接受三个参数，它的参数如下：
urlopen(url, data, timeout)
第一个参数url即为URL，第二个参数data是访问URL时要传送的数据，第三个timeout是设置超时时间。
第二三个参数是可以不传送的，data默认为空None，timeout默认为 socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
第一个参数URL是必须要传送的，在这个例子里面我们传送了百度的URL，执行urlopen方法之后，返回一个response对象，返回信息便保存在这里面。
response对象有一个read方法，可以返回获取到的网页内容。
如果不加read直接打印会是什么？答案如下：
<addinfourl at 35934616 whose fp = <socket._fileobject object at 0x022416B0>>
直接打印出了该对象的描述，所以记得一定要加read方法，否则它不出来内容可就不怪我咯！
3.构造Requset
其实上面的urlopen参数可以传入一个request请求,它其实就是一个Request类的实例，构造时需要传入Url,Data等等的内容。比如上面的两行代码，我们可以这么改写
1 import urllib2 2 3 request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com") 4 response = urllib2.urlopen(request) 5 print response.read()
运行结果是完全一样的，只不过中间多了一个request对象，推荐大家这么写，因为在构建请求时还需要加入好多内容，通过构建一个request，服务器响应请求得到应答，这样显得逻辑上清晰明确。
4.POST和GET数据传送
上面的程序演示了最基本的网页抓取，不过，现在大多数网站都是动态网页，需要你动态地传递参数给它，它做出对应的响应。所以，在访问时，我们需要传递数据给它。最常见的情况是什么？对了，就是登录注册的时候呀。
把数据用户名和密码传送到一个URL，然后你得到服务器处理之后的响应，这个该怎么办？下面让我来为小伙伴们揭晓吧！
数据传送分为POST和GET两种方式，两种方式有什么区别呢？
最重要的区别是GET方式是直接以链接形式访问，链接中包含了所有的参数，当然如果包含了密码的话是一种不安全的选择，不过你可以直观地看到自己提交了什么内容。POST则不会在网址上显示所有的参数，不过如果你想直接查看提交了什么就不太方便了，大家可以酌情选择。
POST方式：
上面我们说了data参数是干嘛的？对了，它就是用在这里的，我们传送的数据就是这个参数data，下面演示一下POST方式。
1 import urllib 2 import urllib2 3 4 values = {"username":"1016903103@qq.com","password":"XXXX"} 5 data = urllib.urlencode(values) 6 url = "https://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn" 7 request = urllib2.Request(url,data) 8 response = urllib2.urlopen(request) 9 print response.read()
我们引入了urllib库，现在我们模拟登陆CSDN，当然上述代码可能登陆不进去，因为还要做一些设置头部header的工作，或者还有一些参数没有设置全，还没有提及到在此就不写上去了，在此只是说明登录的原理。我们需要定义一个字典，名字为values，参数我设置了username和password，下面利用urllib的urlencode方法将字典编码，命名为data，构建request时传入两个参数，url和data，运行程序，即可实现登陆，返回的便是登陆后呈现的页面内容。当然你可以自己搭建一个服务器来测试一下。
注意上面字典的定义方式还有一种，下面的写法是等价的
1 import urllib 2 import urllib2 3 4 values = {} 5 values['username'] = "1016903103@qq.com" 6 values['password'] = "XXXX" 7 data = urllib.urlencode(values) 8 url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn" 9 request = urllib2.Request(url,data) 10 response = urllib2.urlopen(request) 11 print response.read()
GET方式：
至于GET方式我们可以直接把参数写到网址上面，直接构建一个带参数的URL出来即可。
1 import urllib 2 import urllib2 3 4 values={} 5 values['username'] = "1016903103@qq.com" 6 values['password']="XXXX" 7 data = urllib.urlencode(values) 8 url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login" 9 geturl = url + "?"+data 10 request = urllib2.Request(geturl) 11 response = urllib2.urlopen(request) 12 print response.read()
你可以print geturl，打印输出一下url，发现其实就是原来的url加？然后加编码后的参数
http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?username=1016903103%40qq.com&password=XXXX
和我们平常GET访问方式一模一样，这样就实现了数据的GET方式传送。
待补充